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"Darah merupakan bagian yang tak dapat dipisahkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu, seseorang yang sedang sakit pun tak kan lepas dari hubungannya dengan darah. Pendiagnosaan darah pun menjadi sangat penting dalam mendeteksi penyakit yang ada pada penderita. Namun, sampai saat ini pendiagnosaan baru bisa dilakukan di rumah sakit saja. Ditambah prosedurnya yang memakan waktu tidak sebentar. Oleh karena itu, skripsi ini dibuat agar dapat menjadi solusi yang efisien bagi permasalahan tersebut. Efek Doppler merupakan peristiwa mengenai frekuensi yang didengar oleh penerima. Skripsi ini pun berusaha menerapkan efek Doppler sebagai prinsip utama. Skripsi ini menggunakan fetal Doppler sebagai pencipta efek Doppler. Fetal Doppler ini pun mengeluarkan sinyal tegangan yang akan disaring oleh filter. Kemudian, pada akhirnya sinyal itu akan dideteksi seberepa besar frekeunsi yang ia punya, mengolahnya, dan menampilkannya sebagai representasi kecepatan dan debit sel darah merah.

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Blood is an inseparable part of everyday life. Therefore, someone who is sick, did not escape from its relationship with blood. Diagnosing blood becomes very important in detecting diseases to the people. However, until now diagnosing only can be done in hospitals. Even, the time-consuming procedure is not for a while. Therefore, this paper can be made for helping for these problems. Doppler effect is the event on the frequency heard by the recipient. This theory is a basic principle fo this application. This thesis is using fetal Doppler as the creator of the Doppler effect. Fetal Doppler was also issued a voltage signal to be filtered by the filter. Then, in the end it will detect the signal of the frequency seberepa that he had, cultivate, and displays it as a representation of speed and flow of red blood cells."

"[Penyakit Arteri Perifer (PAP) merupakan sumbatan aliran darah arteri selain koroner dan intrakranial. PAP dihasilkan dari proses atherosklerosis, emboli, trombus, dan inflamasi yang mengarah ke stenosis arteri. PAP asimptomatik menempati 3-10% populasi dunia, dan meningkat hingga 15-20% pada 70 tahun ke atas. Divisi kami mencatat 18,1-24,7% pasien kaki diabetik dengan PAP mengalami amputasi pada kurun waktu 3 tahun terakhir. Evaluasi ultrasonografi Doppler pada arteri utama ekstremitas bawah diharapkan mampu mendeteksi secara dini apakah pasien akan diamputasi atau tidak baik mayor maupun minor. Metode yang diambil adalah analitik komparatif kategorik independen dengan disain penelitian kohort retrospektif. Selama Januari 2010 hingga Desember 2011 didapatkan 24 pasien yang masuk kriteria inklusi. Arteri yang diperiksa a.femoralis, a.poplitea, a.tibialis posterior, dan a.dorsalis pedis dengan tampilan spektral mulai dari monofasik, bifasik, atau trifasik terutama dengan pelebaran spektral. Ultrasonografi salah satu modalitas ?operator dependent?, untuk mengurangi bias, peneliti menggunakan operator ultrasonografi adalah peneliti sendiri, trainee atau konsultan divisi kami. Hasil didapatkan spektral bifasik hingga monofasik pada a.femoralis 25,0%, a.poplitea 58,3%, a.tibialis posterior 41,6%, a.dorsalis pedis 45,8%, angka amputasi mayor dan minor masing-masing 4%. Perhitungan statistik didapatkan untuk a.femoralis p=0,054 (95% CI), a.poplitea p=0,006 (95% CI), a.tibialis posterior p=0,010 (95% CI), dan a.dorsalis pedis p=0,021 (95% CI). Secara statistik, prediksi amputasi dapat bermakna pada ultrasonografi Doppler pada a.poplitea, a.tibialis posterior, dan a.dorsalis pedis. Dapat ditarik kesimpulan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi Doppler penting dilakukan pada setiap pasien PAP untuk mengevaluasi secara khusus keadaan empat arteri utama ekstremitas bawah pasien dan untuk prediktor amputasi

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Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.;BACKGROUND Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.;BACKGROUND Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.;BACKGROUND Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.;BACKGROUND Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.;BACKGROUND Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation. METHODS Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division. RESULTS Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI). CONCLUSION Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss., BACKGROUND

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the blood flow artery beside coronary and intracranial artery. PAD is a result of atherosclerotic process, embolism, thrombus, and inflammation which toward of artery stenosis. Asymptomatic PAD counts 3-10% of worl population, and increasing until 15-20% in patient more than 70 years old. Our division counts 18.1-24.7% of diabetic foot patient with PAD undergoes amputation within this three years. Evaluation of duplex ultrasound in the main artery of lower extremity hopefully can detect whether patient will undergo limb salvage or limb loss, as early as possible, major or minor amputation.

METHODS

Research method is independent category comparative analytic with retrospective cohort design. Within January 2010 to December 2011, we collect 24 patients that rolled on inclusion criteria. We examined femoral, poplitea, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery, which showed monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic spectrum of duplex imaging of the ultrasound, and all of them has broadening spectrum.Ultrasound is an operator dependent modality, to decrease the bias of this research, operator of the ultrasound is researcher, fellowship doctors and consultants of our division.

RESULTS

Results are 25% in femoral artery, 58.3% in popliteal artery, 41.6% in posterior tibial artery, and 45.8% in dorsalis pedis artery, which counts for biphasic and monophasic spectrum. Amputation rate is 4% for each minor and major amputation. Statistic analysis for correlation of arterial spectrum with amputation are, femoral artery p=0,054 (95% CI), popliteal artery p=0,006 (95% CI), posterior tibial artery p=0,010 (95% CI), and dorsalis pedis artery p=0,021 (95% CI).

CONCLUSION

Based on statistic analysis, amputation can be significant in duplex imaging of popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis artery. Conslusion regards duplex imaging to be performed in four main arteries of lower extremity, to predict limb loss.]"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini akan membahas tentang penggunaan radar-radar Doppler dengan panjang gelombang berdimensi milimeter untuk pengamatan awan dan curah hujan. Redaman dan penyebaran (termasuk Mie backscattering yang disebabkan tetesan air hujan) oleh radiasi dari panjang gelombang yang pendek ini yang disebabkan oleh kelembaban dibahas sebagaimana juga sensitivitas dari radar-radar yang digunakan untuk mengobservasi awan. Hasil dari, pengamatan-pengamatan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sirkulasi/perpindahan dari awan cumuli dapat diamati secara efektif."

"ABSTRAKThe development of communication is increasing in the last decade, so that new infrastructure and technology emerge. The technology used to realize this time, is not only by using multi antenna technique, but also used orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). But on systems that use OFDM will be sensitive to the effects of Doppler shifts and will result in inter carrier interference (ICI). To compensate for the influence of the Doppler shift on the HAPS communication system with ricean canals, a modified jakes model is needed. Based on the simulation, the ricean canal (HAPS communication system) has a small slope width so that it has characteristics close to LOS. The calculation of the Doppler shift in this study showed that the higher the speed, the greater the Doppler shift value while the greater the K factor, the smaller the Doppler shift value. So that the higher the K factor, the communication system is getting closer to LOS, the damping and noise values are getting smaller."

"Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran arteri karotis pada pemeriksaan ultrasonografi Doppler berwarna pada pasien-pasien stroke iskemik di RSUPN CM. Bahan dan Cara: Tiga puluh satu pasien dengan stroke iskemik dilakukan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi Doppler berwarna pada arteri karotis bilateral. Semua pasien telah dilakukan pemeriksaan CT Scan kepala dan penilaian adanya faktor risiko seperti hipertensi, diabetes melitus, hiperkolesterol dan merokok. Pada pemeriksaan ultranografi Doppler berwarna terhadap karotis, dinilai IMT, plak, diameter stenosis dan gangguan aliran. Selain itu dinilai juga hubungan antara faktor risiko terhadap terjadinya plak. Hasil: Dari 31 pasien stroke iskemik yang dilakukan ultrasonografi Doppler berwarna karotis didapatkan 16 pasien (51,6%) dengan penebalan intima, 21 pasien (67,7%) mempunyai plak pada arteri karotis. Sebagian besar plak berlokasi di bifurksio karotis (71,0%), dengan struktur heterogen dan permukaan reguler (74,2%). Hanya 2 plak (6,5%) yang menimbulkan stenosis lebih dari 50%. Sebanyak delapan belas (72%) dari 25 pasien penderita hipertensi dan 7 (70%) dari 10 pasien penderita diabetes mellitus mempunyai plak pada arteri karotis. Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan lokasi plak tersering di bifurkasio karotis, struktur plak terbanyak heterogen dengan permukaan yang reguler. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor-faktor risiko terhadap terbentuknya plak."

"Sistem Telekomunikasi radar sampai saat ini terus mengalami perkembangan yang sangat cepat, hal ini dapat dilihat dari semakin banyaknya aplikasi yang diterapkan pada berbagai bidang kehidupan. Salah satu contoh sistem komunikasi radar yang paling berkembang adalah sistem radar yang memanfaatkan konsep dari micro-doppler radar. Aplikasi radar yang menggunakan konsep micro-doppler radar sudah sangat banyak dikembangkan, diantaranya untuk mendeteksi korban bencana yang tertimbun material, deteksi dengan sistem drone, pengklasifikasian manusia dan hewan, dan berbagai aplikasi lainnya. Komunikasi radar saat ini juga banyak dikembangkan untuk keperluan medis, salah satunya ialah mendeteksi laju pernafasan manusia. Hal ini sangatlah penting dilakukan karena dengan menggunakan teknik ini seorang dokter memungkinkan memonitor pasien dari jarak jauh dan pemantauan pasien secara real time dan terus-menerus. Penelitian ini mengusulkan perancangan radar yang dapat mendeteksi pernafasan manusia, dengan arsitektur quadrature radar, menggunakan modul USRP B200mini sebagia komponen utama radar dan antena Vivaldi yang bekerja pada frekuensi 5,8 GHz. Sistem radar terintegrasi langsung dengan software GNU Radio Companion sebagai pengatur parameter komponen USRP dan Matlab sebagai software untuk mengolah sinyal. Penelitian ini telah melakukan simulasi Persamaan model matematika dari pernafasan manusia yang bertujuan untuk lebih memahami proses sinyal yang terjadi pada radar. Penelitian ini juga telah melakukan pembuatan breath vibrator yang digerakan oleh actuator servo yang dapat menggerakan plat logam yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan vibrasi yang mirip dengan pernafasan manusia. Pembuatan alat ini digunakan untuk memvalidasi sistem radar dapat bekerja dengan baik dan mendeteksi adanya pergerakan target. Sistem radar pada penelitian ini berhasil mendeteksi laju pernafasan manusia dengan jarak antara antena dan objek hingga 2 m dengan daya sinyal yang lemah yakni sekitar 0.33 mW pada frekuensi 5,8 GHz. Sistem radar juga dapat membedakan laju frekuensi yang berbeda-beda pada setiap target yang berbeda yang artinya sistem radar memiliki laju sensitivitas yang tinggi. Sistem radar yang simpel dan fleksibel ini dapat dijadikan radar portable yang dapat digunakan disegala situasi dan tempat.

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Nowadays, the radar telecommunications system continues to experience rapid development. It can be seen from the increasing number of applications that are applied to various fields of life. One example of the most developed radar communication system is a radar system that utilizes the concept of a micro-doppler radar. Radar application with micro-doppler radar concept has been very widely developed, including to detect disaster victims buried in material, detection with a drone system, classification of humans and animals, etc. Currently, radar communication being developed for medical purposes, one of which is to detect the level of human breathing. It is crucial because using this technique, a doctor allows monitoring patients remotely and monitoring patients in real-time and continuously. This study proposes radar that can detect human respiration, with the quadrature radar architecture, using the USRP B200mini module as the main component of radar and Vivaldi antennas that work at a frequency of 5.8 GHz. The radar system is integrated directly with the GNU Radio Companion software as a regulator of the USRP component and MATLAB as software for processing the signals. This research has carried out simulations of mathematical models of human breathing, which aim to understand better the signal processes that occur on the radar. This research has also made the manufacture of breath vibrators that are actuated by a servo that can move metal plates to produce vibrations that are similar to human breathing. Creating this tool is used to validate the radar system can work well and detect the movement of targets. The radar system in this study succeeded in identifying the level of human breathing with a distance between the antenna and the target up to 2 m with low power of around 0.33 mW at a frequency of 5.8 GHz. The radar system can also distinguish the different frequency rates for each different target, which means the radar system has a high level of sensitivity. This flexible and straightforward radar system can be used as a portable radar that can be used in all situations and anyplace."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang dan Tujuan : Varises esofagus merupakan komplikasi sirosis hati dengan mortalitas tertinggi. Pemeriksaan USG Doppler yang bersifat non invasif, tersedia luas dan relatif murah, dipertimbangkan sebagai metode skrining, namun belum ditemukan parameter Doppler splenoportal yang dapat digunakan sebagai indikator varises dengan akurat. Indeks volume aliran vena lienalis terhadap kecepatan aliran vena porta dipikirkan dapat menjadi parameter baru yang akurat.Metode : Studi observasional potong lintang dilakukan pada 28 pasien sirosis hati di Divisi Hepatologi Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dalam kurun waktu November 2015 hingga Februari 2016. Indeks dan parameter Doppler lainnya merupakan data primer. Subjek dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yakni kelompok non varises, varises kecil dan besar. Uji komparatif dilakukan untuk membandingkan indeks dan parameter Doppler lainnya diantara ketiga kelompok tersebut. Analisis kurva receiver operating characteristic (ROC) dilakukan pada parameter yang secara statistik bermakna untuk mendapatkan nilai sensitifitas dan spesifisitasnya.Hasil : Nilai tengah indeks pada kelompok non varises 9,60 (4,67 – 15,07), varises kecil 21,18 (8,92 – 25,24) dan varises besar 64,43 (46,67 – 145,88) dengan nilai p<0,001. Pada analisis kurva ROC didapatkan titik potong indeks 15,78 dengan sensitifitas 80% dan spesifisitas 100% untuk membedakan kelompok varises kecil dan non varises, serta titik potong 36,0 dengan sensitifitas dan spesifisitas 100% untuk membedakan kelompok varises besar dan kecil.Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara indeks volume aliran vena lienalis terhadap kecepatan aliran vena porta secara ultrasonografi dengan derajat varises esofagus secara endoskopi pada pasien sirosis hati dan indeks tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai indikator varises esofagus dengan akurasi tinggi.

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ABSTRACTBackground and Objective : Esophageal varices is a complication of liver cirrhosis with high mortality. Doppler ultrasound examination is non-invasive, widely available and relatively low cost to be considered as a screening method of varices. Unfortunately, there is still no splenoportal Doppler parameter that can be used as an indicator of varices with high accuracy. Index of splenic vein flow volume to portal vein flow velocity is thought to be a new, more accurate parameter.Methods : A cross-sectional observational study conducted in 28 patients with liver cirrhosis in the Division of Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during November 2015 to February 2016. Index and other splenoportal Doppler parameters are the primary data. Subjects were divided into three groups : a group of non varices, small and large varices. The comparative test conducted to compare the mean index and other splenoportal Doppler parameters among the three groups. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed on parameters that are statistically significant to get the sensitivity and specificity value.Results : Median index in the group of non varices is 9,60 (4,67 – 15,07), 21,18 (8,92 – 25,24) in small varices and 64,43 (46,67 – 145,88) in large varices group with p<0.001. ROC curve analysis generated optimal cutting point index 15,78 which gives 80% sensitivity and 100% specificity to differentiate small and non varices group and the cutoff point of 36.0 which provides 100% sensitivity and specificity to differentiate among the large and small varices.Conclusions : There is a significant association between the index of splenic vein flow volume to portal vein flow velocity by ultrasound with the degree of esophageal varices by endoscopy in patients with liver cirrhosis and this index can be used as indicator of esophageal varices with high accuracy."

"Ultrasonography examination is an one of examination that can be used to see the abnormality of portal vein system. The technology of ultrasonography examination has further developed especially after using of Doppler ultrasonography which could portray haemodynamic changes from portal vein in liver cirrhosis patient. From this examination we also could predict bleeding."

"Tujuan: Mendapatkan nilai proporsi konsentrasi sperma, motilitas sperma dan morfologi sperma pada penderita varikokel berdasarkan pemeriksaan analisa sperma terhadap derajat varikokel berdasarkan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi doppler.Metode : Penelitian deskriptif potong lintang menggunakan data sekunder untuk menilai proporsi besaran konsentrasi sperma, motilitas sperma dan morfologi sperma terhadap derajat varikokel dari 85 penderita varikokel yang datang berobat ke Departemen Urologi RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, dilakukan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi di Departemen  Radiologi RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan pemeriksaan analisa sperma di Departemen Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi RS Cipto Mangunkusumo. Dilakukan uji statistik Mc Nemar 3x3 dan Chi Square 2x2 untuk mengetahui hubungan konsentrasi sperma, motilitas sperma dan morfologi sperma pada penderita varikokel berdasarkan pemeriksaan analisa sperma terhadap derajat varikokel berdasarkan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi doppler.Hasil : Berdasarkan tabel chi square 2x2 derajat varikokel dengan morfologi sperma, untuk sisi kanan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kanan dengan morfologi sperma. Untuk sisi kiri tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kiri dengan morfologi. Untuk yang maksimal dimana dari kedua sisi varikokel diambil data varikokel yang lebih tinggi derajat varikokelnya tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara derajat varikokel dengan morfologi sperma.Berdasarkan tabel chi square 2x2 derajat varikokel dengan konsentrasi sperma, untuk sisi kanan  tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kanan dengan konsentrasi sperma. Untuk sisi kiri tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kiri dengan konsentrasi. Untuk yang maksimal dimana dari kedua sisi varikokel diambil data varikokel yang lebih tinggi derajat varikokelnya tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara derajat varikokel dengan konsentrasi sperma.Berdasarkan tabel chi square 2x2 derajat varikokel dengan motilitas sperma, untuk sisi kanan tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kanan dengan motilitas sperma. Untuk sisi kiri tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kiri dengan motilitas. Untuk yang maksimal dimana dari kedua sisi varikokel diambil data varikokel yang lebih tinggi derajat varikokelnya tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara derajat varikokel dengan motilitas sperma.Berdasarkan tabel mc Nemar 3x3 derajat varikokel dengan morfologi sperma, untuk sisi kanan  terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kanan dengan morfologi sperma. Untuk sisi kiri terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kiri dengan morfologi. Untuk yang maksimal dimana dari kedua sisi varikokel diambil data varikokel yang lebih tinggi derajat varikokelnya terdapat hubungan bermakna antara derajat varikokel dengan morfologi sperma.Berdasarkan tabel mc Nemar 3x3 derajat varikokel dengan konsentrasi sperma, untuk sisi kanan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kanan dengan konsentrasi sperma. Untuk sisi kiri terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kiri dengan konsentrasi. Untuk yang maksimal terdapat hubungan bermakna antara derajat varikokel dengan konsentrasi sperma.Berdasarkan tabel mc nemar 3x3 derajat varikokel dengan motilitas sperma, untuk sisi kanan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kanan dengan motilitas sperma. Untuk sisi kiri terdapat hubungan bermakna antara varikokel sisi kiri dengan motilitas. Untuk yang maksimal dimana dari kedua sisi varikokel diambil data varikokel yang lebih tinggi derajat varikokelnya terdapat hubungan bermakna antara derajat varikokel dengan motilitas sperma.Kesimpulan :1. Berdasarkan uji Mc Nemar tabel 3 x 3 pada derajat varikokel dengan komponen analisa sperma morfologi, konsentrasi dan motilitas didapatkan hasil bermakna, dimana terdapat hubungan antara derajat varikokel dengan komponen analisa sperma morfologi, konsentrasi dan motilitas.2. Berdasarkan uji Chi Square tabel 2 x 2 dimana derajat varikokel  dengan komponen analisa sperma morfologi, konsentrasi dan motilitas maka didapatkan hasil bahwa hanya derajat varikokel sisi kanan dengan komponen morfologi sperma yang memiliki hasil bermakna dimana varikokel sisi kanan memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan morfologi sperma. Sementara pada derajat varikokel sisi kiri dan maksimal dengan morfologi dan derajat varikokel dengan konsentrasi dan motilitas tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna.3. Banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi komponen analisa sperma.

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Objectives : To get proportion value of sperm concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology in patients with varicocele based on sperm analyze, according to grading varicocele based on doppler ultrasound.Methods : Descriptive cross sectional to get value of sperm concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology according to grading varicocele utilizing secondary data of 85 patients with varicocele seeking medical treatment at Urology Department Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital then checking sperm analyze at Obstetri aand Ginekology Department Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, and do Doppler ultrasound at Radiology Department Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Mc Nemar 3x3 and Chi Square 2x2 statistic analysis was carried out to determine correlation sperm concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology according to grading varicocele.Results : According to chi square tabel 2x2 grading varicocele with sperm morphology, right side correlated  right side varicocele with sperm morphology. Left side not correlated left side varicocele with sperm morphology. Maximal taken  from one of both side testes which has higher grading varicocele, not correlated grading varicocele with sperm morphology.According to chi square tabel 2x2 grading varicocele with sperm concentration, right side not correlated  right side varicocele with sperm concentration. Left side not correlated left side varicocele with sperm concentration. Maximal taken  from one of both side testes which has higher grading varicocele, not correlated grading varicocele with sperm concentration.According to chi square tabel 2x2 grading varicocele with sperm motility, right side not correlated  right side varicocele with sperm motility. Left side not correlated left side varicocele with sperm motility. Maximal taken  from one of both side testes which has higher grading varicocele, not correlated grading varicocele with sperm motility.According to mc Nemar tabel 3x3 grading varicocele with sperm morphology, right side correlated  right side varicocele with sperm morphology. Left side correlated left side varicocele with sperm morphology. Maximal taken  from one of both side testes which has higher grading varicocele, correlated grading varicocele with sperm morphology.According to mc Nemar tabel 3x3 grading varicocele with sperm concentration, right side correlated  right side varicocele with sperm concentration. Left side correlated left side varicocele with sperm concentration. Maximal taken  from one of both side testes which has higher grading varicocele, correlated grading varicocele with sperm concentration.According to mc Nemar tabel 3x3 grading varicocele with sperm motility, right side  correlated  right side varicocele with sperm motility. Left side correlated left side varicocele with sperm motility. Maximal taken  from one of both side testes which has higher grading varicocele, correlated grading varicocele with sperm motility.Conclusion : 1. According to mc Nemar tabel 3x3 grading varicocele has correlated with sperm analyze components morphology, concentration and motility.2. According to chi square tabel 2x2, correlation between grading varicocele with sperm analyze components, only right side varicocele correlated with sperm morphology.3. Sperm analyze components influenced by  many factors."