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"Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat-isolat khamir, memperoleh informasi spesies-spesies khamir yang berasal dari lebah madu Apis cerana dan substrat terkait, dan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pollen substitute (PS) terhadap produktivitas koloni A. cerana. Khamir diisolasi dari telur, larva, pupa, lebah pekerja, lebah ratu, lebah jantan serta bee pollen, bee bread dan madu A. cerana, serta nektar dan serbuk sari dari bunga-bunga yang dikunjungi A. cerana. Khamir diisolasi menggunakan medium YMA dan YMA+sukrosa 50%. Identifikasi khamir dilakukan berdasarkan data sequence daerah internal trancribed spacer ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA), analisis filogenetik dilakukan dengan metode Neighbor Joining, serta karakter morfologi dan fisiologi-biokimia. Sebanyak enam variasi PS dibuat untuk menguji preferensi A. cerana terhadap jenis PS. PS dalam bentuk pasta diberikan setiap hari selama 20 hari. Pengujian pengaruh pemberian variasi PS lokal dan PS impor terhadap produktivitas koloni A. cerana dilakukan selama 13 minggu. Sebanyak 1.409 isolat khamir diperoleh dari A. cerana dan substrat terkait. Lima puluh isolat representatif diseleksi untuk diidentifikasi. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa 50 isolat khamir tersebut terdiri dari 12 genera dan 21 spesies. Sebanyak enam genera termasuk ke dalam phylum Ascomycota (class Hemiascomycetes, order Saccharomycetales),dan enam genera lainnya termasuk ke dalam phylum Basidiomycota (classes: Hymenomycetes, Urediniomycetes, dan Ustilaginomycetes). Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan adanya asosiasi dan interaksi antara spesies khamir dengan lebah madu. Hasil uji preferensi terhadap enam variasi PS lokal menunjukkan PS yang mengandung Candida hawaiiana CR015 asal bunga Brugmansia suaveolens (PS1) dan PS yang mengandung baker?s yeast (PS4) lebih disukai oleh A. cerana dibandingkan PS lain. Hasil uji produktivitas menunjukkan pollen substitute yang mengandung Candida hawaiiana CR015 asal bunga Brugmansia suaveolens (PS1) terbukti potensial dalam meningkatkan produktivitas koloni A. cerana setara dengan pollen substitute impor.

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The aims of this study were to obtain yeast isolates, to get species information from honeybee Apis cerana and related substrates, and to determine the effects of a pollen substitute (PS) on the productivity of A. cerana colonies.Yeasts were isolated from A. cerana eggs, larvae, pupae, workers, queens, drones, bee pollen, bee bread, honey, and nectars and pollens from flowers visited by A. cerana. The media used to isolate the yeasts were Yeast-Extract Malt-Extract Agar (YMA) and YMA+50% sucrose.

The yeasts were identified based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA). Phylogenetic analysis of yeasts based on ITS rDNA sequence data was performed by the neighbor-joining method. Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of yeasts were observed. To determine the preference of A. cerana for pollen substitutes, honeybee colonies were fed daily with six varieties of pollen substitutes in patty form for 20 days. To examine the effects of pollen substitutes on the productivity of A. cerana, honeybee colonies were fed on local pollen substitutes (PSs) and imported PS for 13 weeks. A total of 1,409 yeast isolates were obtained from various substrates. Fifty representative isolates were selected for identification. The identification results showed that those 50 yeast isolates consisted of 12 genera and 21 species. Six of these genera belong to phylum Ascomycota, and class Hemiascomycetes, while the other six genera belong to phylum Basidiomycota and classes Hymenomycetes, Urediniomycetes and Ustilaginomycetes.

This study indicated that there is an association and an interaction between yeast species and honeybee. The preference test result showed that a PS containing Candida hawaiiana CR015 isolated from the flower of Brugmansia suaveolens (PS1) and a PS containing baker?s yeast (PS4) were favoured by A. cerana colonies.

The productivity test result showed that a PS containing Candida hawaiiana CR015. The preference test result showed that a PS containing Candida hawaiiana CR015 isolated from the flower of Brugmansia suaveolens (PS1) and a PS containing baker?s yeast (PS4) were favoured by A. cerana colonies. The productivity test result showed that a PS containing Candida hawaiiana CR015 isolated from the flower of Brugmansia suaveolens (PS1) was proved to potentially increase the productivity of A. cerana colonies and could be considered as good as imported pollen substitute."

"Pada penelitian sebelumnya, diperoleh 18 strain Candida spp. dari Apis cerana dan bunga-bunga yang dikunjunginya di Ciburial, Jawa Barat. Hasil identifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah ITS rDNA menggunakan primer reverse ITS4, menunjukkan bahwa 18 strain tersebut memiliki homologi rendah (85--98%) terhadap spesies terdekatnya Candida spp. Dengan demikian belum diperoleh identitas yang akurat dari 18 strain Candida spp. tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh identitas yang akurat dari 18 strain tersebut melalui identifikasi molekuler, analisis filogenetik, dan pengamatan karakter fenotipik (morfologi, fisiologi, dan biokimia). Identifikasi dilakukan melalui sequencing pada daerah ITS rDNA dan D1/D2 LSU rDNA. Analisis filogenetik dilakukan berdasarkan data sequence daerah ITS rDNA dan D1/D2 LSU rDNA, menggunakan metode neighbor-joining. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi molekuler, analisis filogenetik, dan pengamatan karakter fenotipik, 10 strain diidentifikasi ke dalam 5 spesies, yaitu C. parapsilosis (Candida sp. CR033, CR034, dan CR038), C. orthopsilosis (Candida sp. CR015 dan CR151), C. metapsilosis (Candida sp. CR047 dan CR053), Debaryomyces hansenii (Candida sp. CR065), dan Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Candida sp. CR070 dan CR105). Sebanyak 8 strain (Candida sp. CR004, CR007, CR013, CR014, CR018, CR023, CR027, dan CR035) belum dapat ditentukan nama penunjuk (epithet) spesiesnya. Berdasarkan sequence ITS rDNA 8 strain tersebut memiliki homologi yang rendah (97%) terhadap kerabat terdekatnya C. hawaiiana. Pohon filogenetik berdasarkan sequence ITS rDNA menunjukkan 8 strain tersebut berada pada clade yang terpisah dengan C. hawaiiana dengan dukungan nilai bootstrap yang sangat tinggi, 99%. Delapan strain Candida tersebut termasuk dalam satu spesies yang memiliki perbedaan sequence ≤1% antara satu strain Candida dengan strain Candida lainnya atau disebut conspecific. Karakter fisiologi dan biokimia menunjukkan 8 strain tersebut memiliki perbedaan dengan C. hawaiiana CBS 9146T pada kemampuannya mengasimilasi sumber karbon α- methyl -D-glucoside, dan ketidakmampuannya mengasimilasi ribosa. Hasil identifikasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 8 strain Candida tersebut merupakan spesies yang berbeda dengan C. hawaiiana.

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In the previous study, 18 strains of Candida spp. were obtained from Apis cerana and their visiting flowers in Ciburial, West Java. Based on sequence data of ITS rDNA using ITS4 reverse primer, these strains showed low homology (85--98%) to their closest relatives Candida spp. Therefore, the identity of these 18 strains were not established yet.

The purpose of this study was to establish the identities of the 18 strains of Candida spp. by conducting molecular identification, phylogenetic analysis, and phenotypic characterization (morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters). Identification and phylogenetic analysis was carried out by sequencing the ITS rDNA and D1/D2 of LSU rDNA. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using neighbor-joining method.

Based on molecular identification, phylogenetic analysis, and phenotypic characterization, 10 strains were identified into 5 species. Those 10 strains were identified as C. parapsilosis (Candida sp. CR033, CR034, and CR038), C. orthopsilosis (Candida sp. CR015 and CR151), C. metapsilosis (Candida sp. CR047 and CR053), Debaryomyces hansenii (Candida sp. CR065), and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Candida sp. CR070 and CR105). The identities of eight strains (Candida sp. CR004, CR007, CR013, CR014, CR018, CR023, CR027, and CR035) were not established yet. Based on sequence data of ITS rDNA they have low degree of homology (97%) to their closest related species, C. hawaiiana.

Phylogenetic tree based on sequence data of ITS rDNA showed they were separated from C. hawaiiana by 99% bootstrap value. Multiple alignment of their sequences of ITS and D1/D2 showed that they have ≤1% differences, which indicate that these strains are conspecific (same species). Their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics showed that these strains differed from C. hawaiiana CBS 9146T by their ability to assimilate α-methyl-D-glucoside and their inability to assimilate ribose as carbon sources. Our data suggest that these strains were distinct species from C. hawaiiana."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian Pollen Substitute (PS) dan Nectar Substitute (NS) terhadap produktivitas Apis cerana, dan menganalisis kualitas madu sesuai Standar Nasional Indonesia. Pemberian PS dan NS berfungsi sebagai pengganti pakan alami lebah madu, yaitu pollen dan nectar. Pollen Substitute dibuat dari biomassa basah khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan NS dari sirup nanas. Pakan diberikan dengan cara mencampurkan 2 gr PS dan 50 ml NS. Pada penelitian digunakan 10 koloni lebah madu: lima koloni sebagai kontrol dan lima koloni untuk perlakuan, seluruh koloni dibiarkan tetap mencari pakan alaminya. Pollen substitute dan NS diberikan setiap hari selama 2 periode (6 minggu per periode). Produktivitas lebah madu diamati setiap periode. Analisis kualitas madu dilakukan setelah 6 minggu. Hasil pengamatan pada dua periode menunjukkan penambahan keliling sisir madu dan jumlah sisir madu pada koloni perlakuan lebih besar dibandingkan kontrol. Meskipun demikian hasil uji T menunjukkan pemberian perlakuan tidak berbeda nyata terhadap kontrol (P>0,05). Rerata kenaikan keliling sisir madu dan jumlah sisir madu berturut–turut pada koloni kontrol sebesar 37 ± 23,42 cm dan 0,75 ± 0,95 buah (periode 1); 172,5 ± 79,65 cm dan 3,5 ± 1,73 buah (periode 2). Sedangkan pada koloni yang diberi PS dan NS sebesar 52 ± 55,37 cm dan 1,25 ± 1,5 (periode I); 199,5 ± 79,41 cm dan 5 ± 2,16 buah (periode 2). Volume madu yang dihasilkan koloni perlakuan lebih banyak dibandingkan kontrol, baik pada periode 1 maupun periode 2. Hasil analisis kualitas madu kontrol dan yang diberi PS dan NS sesuai dengan SNI 8664:2018. Pemberian PS dan NS mampu mempertahankan dan meningkatkan produktivitas koloni A. cerana yaitu pada keliling sisir, jumlah sisir, volume madu, dan kekuatan koloni.

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The aims of this study were to examine the effect of pollen substitute (PS) and nectar substitute (NS) on the productivity of Apis cerana colonies and the quality of honey according to Indonesian National Standard for honey. Provision of PS and NS serves as a substitute for natural pollen and nectar. Pollen Substitute was prepared from wet biomass of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and NS from pineapple syrup. The feed were given to the colony by mixing 2 g of PS and 50 ml of NS. Ten honeybee colonies were used in this study, five colonies were used as feeding trials and five colonies as control, and they were allowed to forage on flowers. Pollen substitute and nectar substitute were provided to the colonies every day for two periods (total 12 weeks, six weeks per period). Honey quality analysis was performed after six weeks. The results of provision of PS and NS in two periods to the colonies showed the greater than the control in their increasing of honeycomb circumference and the number of honeycombs. However, the results of the T test showed that the provision of PS and NS was not significantly different from the control (P>0,05). The average increase in the honeycomb circumference and the number of honeycombs in control colonies were 37 ± 23.42 cm and 0.75 ± 0.95 pieces (period 1); 172.5 ± 79.65 cm and 3.5 ± 1.73 pieces (period 2). Meanwhile, the colonies fed on PS and NS were 52 ± 55.37 cm and 1.25 ± 1.5 (period 1); 199.5 ± 79.41 cm and 5 ± 2.16 pieces (period 2). The yield of honey produced from colonies fed on PS and NS was higher than control colonies, both in periods 1 and 2. The quality of honey produced by the colony fed on PS and NS met the criteria of the Indonesian National Standard for honey SNI 8664:2018. This study revealed that the provision of PS and NS was able to maintain and increased the productivity of A. cerana colonies, in terms of honeycomb circumference, number of honeycombs, honey yield, and colony strength.

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"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui keragaman spesies khamir dari saluran pencernaan lebah madu Apis cerana di apiari Desa Ciburial, Bandung. Sebanyak 48 isolat khamir dari saluran pencernaan Pollen-collecting bee (PCB) (27 isolat) dan Nectarcollecting bee (NCB) (21 isolat) diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA dan dikarakterisasi secara morfologi untuk melengkapi hasil identifikasi. Hasil identifikasi molekuler menunjukkan bahwa 48 isolat khamir tersebut terdiri atas delapan genus dan 16 spesies. Sebanyak 12 spesies khamir ditemukan pada PCB dan sembilan spesies khamir ditemukan pada NCB. Candida cf. apicola, C. etchellsii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa dan Zygosaccharomyces rouxii ditemukan pada PCB maupun NCB. Spesies-spesies khamir yang diperoleh secara taksonomi heterogen, yaitu termasuk ke dalam class Hemiascomycetes dari phylum Ascomycota (13 spesies) dan class Urediniomycetes dari phylum Basidiomycota (3 spesies).

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The aim of this study was to study the diversity of yeast species isolated from the digestive tract of honey bee Apis cerana in apiary in Ciburial, Bandung. A total of 48 yeast isolates from the digestive tract of pollen-collecting bees (27 isolates) and Nectar-collecting bee (21 isolates) were identified based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacers regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA). In addition of their sequence data, yeasts were also characterized morphologically. The results showed that those yeasts comprised of eight genera and 16 species. Twelve yeast species were found from PCB and nine yeast species were found from NCB. Candida cf. apicola, C. cf. azyma, C. etchellsii, C. naeodendra, C. orthopsilosis, Cryptococcus heveanensis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii were found both in PCB and NCB. Our molecular analysis showed that A. cerana harbors taxonomically diverse yeasts. They consisted of species belong to the class Hemiascomycetes of the phylum Ascomycota (13 species) and class Urediniomycetes of the phylum Basidiomycota (3 species)."

"Penelitian bertujuan membuat pollen substitute (PS) yang disukai dan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas lebah madu A. cerana. Pollen substitute dibuat dengan bahan dasar tepung kedelai dan susu skim. Pada penelitian ini A.cerana diberikan tiga macam pollen substitute, yaitu PS A (mengandung bahan dasar, Debaryomyces hansenii CR133, madu); PS B (mengandung bahan dasar, sirup gula); PS C (mengandung bahan dasar, madu). Pemberian PS selama 20 hari, dan lebah dibiarkan mencari serbuk sari dan nektar di alam. Koloni kontrol tidak diberi PS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PS yang dibuat memenuhi kriteria sebagai PS yang baik. Apis cerana menyukai PS A dan PS C dengan tingkat konsumsi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan PS B. Pemberian semua jenis PS meningkatkan keliling (0,3--4,5 cm per hari) dan jumlah honeycomb. Pada kontrol terdapat kenaikan keliling honeycomb (0,2--0,5 cm per hari), namun tidak ada penambahan jumlah honeycomb. Secara umum, lebah pekerja yang diberi PS dan kontrol mengalami kenaikan berat badan (5--56,94%).

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The research aimed to make pollen substitutes preferred by and increase the productivity of A. cerana. Basic ingredients of pollen substitutes (PS) were soy flour and skim milk. There were three types of pollen substitutes, i.e. PS A (contained basic ingredients, Debaryomyces hansenii CR133, honey); PS B (basic ingredients, sugar syrup); and PS C (basic ingredients, honey). The pollen substitutes were fed to colonies of A. cerana for 20 days, but they were allowed to forage on flowers. No PS was given to the control colonies.

The results showed that A. cerana preferred PSA and PS C to PS A. Increases of circumference and number of honeycombs were observed in colonies fed with all types of PSs (0,3--4,5 cm/day). There was an increase of the circumference of honeycombs in the control (0,2--0,5 cm/day), but there was no addition of new honeycomb. Generally, the weight of individual worker bees increased in colonies fed with PSs and control (5--56,94%)."

"Kanker payudara menduduki urutan pertama sebagai kejadian tertinggi kanker pada wanita. Pada 2018, penderita kanker payudara pada penduduk Indonesia sebesar 42,1 per 100.000 penduduk dengan rata-rata kematian 17 per 100.000 penduduk. Faktor resiko dari kanker payudara antara lain adalah jenis kelamin, usia, memiliki riwaya keluarga, mutasi dari gen riwayat penyakit payudara sebelumnya, menstruasi dini ataupun menarche lambat, riwayat reproduksi, terapi hormon, dan gaya hidup tidak sehat. Candidiasis merupakan kondisi infeksi yang dibebkan oleh jamur Candida sp. Candida abicans yang berada di dalam tubuh manusia dapat berubah menjadi patogen jika memiliki faktor resiko seperti perokok, imunitas menurun, ganguan endokrin, kemoterapi, dan juga terapi antibiotik. Mellitin merupakan komponen utama pada racun lebah sebesar 50% kemampuan Melittin yang diketahui dapat membentuk pori pada membran lipid yang dapat memberi efek penghambat pada pertumbuhan sel kanker dan jamur. Pada pengujian kali ini membuktikan kemampuan peptida tersebut dalam  menjadi alternatif antikanker payudara. Racun Lebah dari spesies Apis cerana memiliki nilai LC50 sebesar 49,28 µg/ml dan melittin sebesar 16,67 µg/ml yang diuji dengan BSLT. Uji antikanker terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7menggunakan metode MTT-Assay menunjukan adanya aktivitas antikanker. Uji antijamur yang dilakukan dengan metode Cakram Disk tidak menunjukan aktivitas antijamur

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Breast cancer is the first highest cancer in women . In 2018, breast cancer sufferers in Indonesia amounted to 42,1 per 100.000 population with death rate of 17 per 100.000 population. Risk factors for breast cancer include gender, age, family history of diseases, gene mutations, history of previous breast disease, early menstruation or slow menarche, reproductive history, hormone therapy, and unhealthy lifestyle. Candidiasis is an infection condition caused by the fungus Candida sp. Candida albicans in the human body can turn into pathogens if have risk factors such as smokers, decreased immunity, endocrine disruption, chemotherapy, and also antibiotic therapy. Mellitin is a major component of bee venom by 50%, the ability of Melittin known to form pores in the membrane lipids which can have an inhibiting effect on the growth of cancer cells and fungi. In this test prove the ability of the peptide in being an alternative to cervical anticancer. Bee venom from Apis cerana species having an LC50 value 49.28 µg/ml and melittin  16.67 µg/ml tested with BSLT method. Anticancer test against MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the MTT-Assay method showed anticancer activity. And the antifungal test conducted by the Difusion Disc method doesn’t show antifungal activity."