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"Tesis ini membahas masalah sekitar sejarah sosial Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) yang lahir dan berkembang di tengah-tengah masyarakat mayoritas beragama Hindu di Bali. Pertanyaan pokok yang diajukan adalah hal-hal apakah yang menyebabkan pendirian MUI di wilayah mayoritas masyarakat beragama Hindu ini mungkin?Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini penulis melakukan penelitian di Bali dengan metodologi kualitatif dan melakukan pengumpulan data tercetak yang relevan. Di samping itu, wawancara-wawancara mendalam dan observasi langsung kepada aktoraktor utama di balik pendirian MUI-Bali dilakukan di lapangan.Penulis sampai pada kesimpulan bahwa meskipun faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal telah memainkan peranan penting dalam proses kelahiran, perkembangan dan perannya, namun survivalitas MUI-Bali sangat ditentukan oleh keihlasan dan keuletan kinerja para tokoh-tokoh Muslim di Bali itu sendiri.

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This thesis tries to elucidate the socio-historical aspect of the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) which was born and is developing in Bali whose society's major religion is Hinduism. The writing of this thesis is based on a major question: what were the causes that had been made the birth of this council within such a Hinduism Balinese society possible?

In order to answer this question, the writer of this thesis studied the course of the Balinese Muslims history and the relevant socio--cultural backgrounds of the Balinese MUI, by using the qualitative methods. In doing this, in addition to the collection of printed materials, the writer had conducted wide interview with the Balinese Muslim leaders, the crucial and important actors behind the establishment and development of the Bali-MUI.

The writer of this thesis tends to conclude that although the interaction of the internal and external factors had played a significant role for the birth and the development of the council, without a patient and resilience efforts devoted by the leaders of the Balinese Muslim, the existence, survivality and development of the Bali-MUI will be in question."

"The social history study the view of children, which was born in Western Europe and has been developed mainly in Western europe, is currently developing toward research from a global perspective. However, many Asian studies are conducted by country, and linguistic barriers are added, and the result are not fully reflected in global studies. This Paper attempts a comparative study between japan and china using painting materials, based on the issues of social history study of the view of children in asia, which is required to develop from country to area studies and world studies. "

"ABSTRAKModernization theories often imply that Americans' leisure has become more organized, commercial, and privatized, replacing informal, active, and public recreation. This study examines changes in leisure activities in three northern California towns between 1890 and 1940. It draws on published accounts, oral histories, and a numerical analysis of newspaper reports. The evidence suggests that all sorts of leisure activities increased during the half-century, most notably club-sponsored active recreation, such as sports and dances. Speculations about leisure history may err in assuming that one kind of activity necessarily displaces another. Instead, both the volume and variety of leisure activities probably increased in this era. "

"The Bronze Age in the Korean peninsula witnessed many significant social andeconomic transformations, one of which was the transition from dispersed/linear settlements to nucleated settlements in the late Early Bronze Age and theconcomitant emergence of the &ldquovillage community.&rdquo This paper considers how thenotion of the &ldquovillage community&rdquo may have been reproduced through funerarypractices of object deposition observed at the late EBA Phase I dolmens of theYongdam complex, located in Jinan, southern Korea. Firstly, it is suggested thatthe stone objects deposited in and around the dolmens may have been personalitems relevant to the life history of the deceased. Secondly, the ceramic vessel partsdeposited around the dolmen burials are seen to have been associated with feastingpractices. Finally, the possibility that the stone objects deposited in a deliberatelybroken and partial state may have been involved in practices of social enchainmentis considered. It is argued that these different practices of object depositionmediated the sharing of memories, which in turn contributed to the establishment ofcommunity history. The reproduction of community history, it is maintained, wouldhave played an important role in reproducing the notion of the &ldquovillage community.&rdquo"