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"The eighteenth century marks that transformative era in Sikh history when rebels became rulers. Riding on the wave of a political revolution, peasants and artisans in the Khalsa order refashioned themselves into administrators in the Punjab region. This was no mean feat as it meant displacing first the mighty Mughals and then the Afghans. Based on a wide range of contemporary sources, this volume takes a fresh look at the political processes and the accompanying changes in the religious, social, and cultural life of the Sikhs. The author examines the political resurgence of the Sikhs and their system of government. She takes a closer look at their conception of God and Guru, the emergence of Amritsar as the premier centre of the Sikh world, and the rites, ceremonies, and ethics of the Khalsa. Issues of caste and gender, and Sikh interest in literature, art, and architecture are also explored. A convergence of all these developments led to the crystallization of a distinctive Sikh identity by the end of the century. In a very real sense, the eighteenth century emerges in this book as a bridge between the earlier and later history of the Sikhs."

"ABSTRAKTradisi pemujaan roh dan dewa pada masyarakat Cina terwujud dalam beberapa jenis pemujaan, seperti pemujaan terhadap roh orang yang telah meninggal, roh yang menguasai benda-benda, dan roh yang menguasai alam. Kepercayaan masyarakat Cina terhadap pemujaan roh dan dewa dipertegas dengan ajaran Kong Zi (孔子), yaitu Jing Tian Zun Zu (惊天尊祖) yang berarti mengagungkan langit dan menghormati leluhur. Salah satu wujud pemujaan roh dan dewa pada masyarakat Cina di Indonesia dapat dilihat pada aktivitas pemujaan terhadap Delapan Dewa (Ba Xian 八仙) di Klenteng Boen San Bio, Tangerang, Banten yang telah berlangsung dalam kurun waktu yang cukup lama. Delapan Dewa terdiri dari tujuh laki-laki dan satu perempuan. Pemujaan Delapan Dewa yang dilakukan di dalam kelenteng Boen San Bio merupakan pemujaan sebagai tanda penghormatan terhadap shen dan sebagai jembatan untuk mengantarkan doa-doa yang diajukan kepada Tian. Keberadaan Delapan Dewa di Klenteng Boen San Bio, tidak terlepas dari adanya kepercayaan terhadap legenda dan kisah kuno serta ajaran-ajaran yang berkembang dalam kebudayaan Cina itu sendiri. Akan tetapi, meskipun Delapan Dewa telah dipuja oleh masyarakat Cina di Indonesia, kisah Delapan Dewa tidak banyak diketahui secara mendalam oleh masyarakat luas. Oleh karenanya, jurnal ini akan membahas secara mendalam mengenai sosok Delapan Dewa, bentuk pemujaan terhadap Delapan Dewa, legenda dan kisah yang melatarbelakangi terwujudnya pemujaan tersebut, serta ajaran-ajaran yang berpengaruh terhadap pemujaan Delapan Dewa, khususnya yang berlaku di Klenteng Boen San Bio, Tangerang, Banten.

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ABSTRACTThe tradition of worshiping spirits and deities in Chinese society is manifested in several types of worship, such as worshiping spirits who have died, spirits that control objects, and spirits that control nature. The Chinese belief in the worship of spirits and wise men is emphasized by the teachings of Kong Zi (孔子Kongzi), namely Jing Tian Zun Zu 惊天尊祖 which means glorifying the heavens and honoring ancestors. One form of worshiping spirits and deities in Chinese people in Indonesia can be seen in the activities of worshiping the Eight Immortals (Ba Xian 八仙) in Boen San Bio Temple, Tangerang, Banten which has been going on for quite a long time. The Eight Immortals contains of seven mans and one woman. The existence of the Eight Immortals in the Boen San Bio Temple, can not be separated from the belief in legends and ancient stories and teachings that has developed in Chinese culture itself. However, even though the Eight Immortals have been worshiped by Chinese people in Indonesia, the story of the Eight Immortals is not widely known to the public at large. Therefore, this journal will discuss about the each figure of the Eight Immortals, a form of worship to the Eight Immortals, legends and stories underlying the realization of the worship, as well as teachings that influence the worship of the Eight Immortals, especially that has been applied in Boen San Bio Temple, Tangerang , Banten."