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"Anggota-anggota marga Citrus, memiliki jumlah kromosom sama yaitu 2n = 18. Untuk membedakan jenis-jenis Citrus dengan data kromosom, digunakan data yang lain, seperti ukuran, bentuk, dan juga indeks kromosom. Penelitian telah berhasil dilakukan pada tiga jenis Citrus yang mewakili dua seksi, yaltu Citrus aurantifolia (seksi Limonellus), C. medica, dan C. limon (seksi Citrophorum). Telah dilakukan analisis kromosom berupa pengukuran panjang, penentuan bentuk, pendeskripsian kariotipe, dan penghitungan indeks kromosom. Kesimpulan yang dapat dirumuskan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah adanya perbedaan panjang, bentuk, dan perumusan kromosom pada tiap jenis Citrus, menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan diantara jenis-jenis tersebut. Perbedaan tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai ciri taksonomi. Setain itu juga nilai indeks kromosom yang telah dihitung pada tiap jenis Citrus, menunjukkan perbedaan dan dapat digunakan dalam taksonomi untuk membedakan jenis-jenis Citrus, serta merupakan nilai untuk mengetahui dekat atau tidaknya suatu hubungan kekerabatan."

"Plants have been the chief source of compounds of medicine for thousand of years.Plants are also the source of many medicines for the majority of the world?s population. The role of biotechnology is very important for multiplying, conserving the spesies, and enhancing the production of secondary metabolites. Endophytes are microbes that inhabit plants are currently considered to be a wellspring of novelsecondary metabolites offering the potensial for medical and industrial exploitation. Natural products from various endophytic microbes have been investigated. Some examples of natural products observed from endophytic microbes are antibiotics, antiviralcompounds, anticancers, antimalarial compounds, antioxidants, antidiabetics, and immunosuppressive compounds."

"Precise regulation of gene expression in both time and space is vital to plant growth, development and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. This is achieved by multiple mechanisms, with perhaps the most important control being exerted at the level of transcription. However, with the recent discovery of microRNAs another ubiquitous mode of gene regulation that occurs at the post-transcriptional level has been identified. MicroRNAs can silence gene expression by targeting complementary or partially complementary mRNAs for degradation or translational inhibition. Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs play fundamental roles in plant growth and development, as well as in adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. This book highlights the roles of individual miRNAs that control and regulate diverse aspects of plant processes."