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"Tujuan: Membandingkan aktivitas angiogenik plasenta preeklampsia dengan dan tanpa pemberian kurkumin dan vitamin E.Rancangan Penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental in vitro. Plasenta dari ibu hamil preeklampsia (n=11) dibagi dalam 3 kelompok: kelompok kontrol, kelompok pemberian kurkumin dosis 0,01 mM, dan kelompok pemberian vitamin E dosis 20 mg/L Aktivitas angiogenesis ditentukan dengan menilai skor migrasi sel-sel endotel menuju plasenta. Analisis perbedaan aktivitas angiogenesis antar kelompok digunakan tes wilcoxon.Hasil: Aktivitas angiogenik kelompok pemberian kurkumin dosis 0,01 mM tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p>0,05). Sedangkan, aktivitas angiogenik kelompok pemberian vitamin E dosis 20 mg/L berbeda secara bermakna dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (p< 0,05).Kesimpulan: Pemberian vitamin E meningkatkan aktivitas angiogenik pada plasenta dari ibu hamil preeklampsia.

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Objective: To compare angiogenic activity in preeclamptic placenta with and without supplementation of curcumin and vitamin E.Study design: The study was an in vitro experimental study. Placentae were obtained from woman with preeclampsia (n=11) divided into three groups. The first was control, to the second group 0,01 mM curcumin was added and the third with 20 mg/I, vitamin E. Angiogenic activity was assayed using an endothelial cell migration assay. Differences in placental angiogenic activity between three groups were analysed using the Wilcoxon test.Results: The angiogenic activity in the 0,01 mM curcumin supplementation group was not significantly different than in the control group (p>0,05). While, angiogenic activity in the 20 mg/I, vitamin E group was significantly different than in the control group (p< 0,05).Conclusion: Vitamin E supplementation increased angiogenic activity in the placenta from women with preeclampsia."

"Background: Placental morphology and cellular arrangement can be altered in maternal diseases. Rheumatic heartdisease (RHD) is a chronic heart condition that can lead to death in pregnant women. The aim of this study is todetermine the histological changes of the placenta in pregnant women suffering from RHD. Methods: Placentae werecollected from 10 healthy pregnant women, and 31 pregnant women with heart conditions (26 with RHD and 5 withNRHD) who had been admitted to the Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Placental tissues were fixed in10% formal-salineand were processed for light microscopy. Measurements including the placental weight and diameter of the chorionicvilli capillaries were recorded. Results: The results indicate that there are many histological changes in pregnantwomen with RHD such as hyalinisation, fibrosis of the chorionic villi, proliferation of trophoblastic cells, andthickening of its membrane. Additionally, expectant mothers with RHD experience a reduction in capillary diameterand thickening of the capillary walls, and decreased size and weight of their placenta when compared with the control.Conclusions: Heart diseases, especially RHD, are associated with developmental damage of the placenta in pregnantwomen by injuring the endothelial cells of the placentas capillaries."

"Preeklamsia (PE) selama ini selalu menjadi salah satu masalah terbesar di dunia kesehatan. Tidak hanya karena kondisi ini meyebabkan tingginya angka kematian ibu, namun keadaan ini juga dapat memicu berbagai efek negatif pada bayi. Fokus dari studi ini adalah untuk melihat peran dari prorenin dalam patogenesis PE dengan membandingkan konsentrasi prorenin pada plasenta normal dan plasenta yang diambil dari pasien PE. Sampel plasenta diperoleh dari 69 ibu hamil yang berumur sekitar 30 tahun dengan umur kehamilan bekisar 26-41 minggu. Jaringan plasenta terdiri atas 12 sampel normal, 12 sampel PE onset akhir, dan 1 sampel PE onset awal. Kit ELISA digunakan pada prosedur ini untuk meneliti konsentrasi prorenin pada jaringan secara langsung serta hasilnya diinterpretasikan bedasarkan nilai absorbansi. Normalitas distribusi data dinilai menggunakan metode SHAPIRO WILK dan ditemukan bahwa distribusi data merupakan data nonparametrik. Oleh karena itu, MANN-WHITNEY dipilih sebagai metode untuk melihat signifikansi dari perbedaan level prorenin pada sampel jaringan normal dan PE. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah p=0.932 yang berarti bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan akan level prorenin pada sampel normal dan sampel PE. Bedasarkan penemuan ini, dapat dispekulasikan bahwa prorenin tidak secara langsung berpartisipasi dalam patogenesis PE.

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Preeclampsia (PE) has always been regarded as one of the most deteriorating burdens in the world of medicine. Not only it contributes to high maternal mortality, but it also impose numerous drawbacks to the babies. The focus of this study is to investigate the involvement of prorenin in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia by comparing its concentration in the placenta sample of normal pregnancy and both early and late onset PE. The placenta was taken from 69 pregnant women ageing around 30 years old whose gestational age ranging between 26-41 weeks. The placental tissue were consisting of 12 normal samples, 12 late-onset PE samples, and 1 early-onset PE sample. ELISA kit was used to directly observe the concentration of prorenin and the result was interpreted based on the absorbance value.  The normality of the data distribution was assessed by SHAPIRO WILK method from which the data was found to be nonparametric. Therefore, Mann-Whitney method was used in order to found the significance of prorenin level difference in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy and the obtained value was p=0.932, meaning that no significant difference was observed between prorenin level of normal and preeclamptic placenta sample. Based on this finding, it can be speculated that prorenin does not directly participate in the pathogenesis of PE."

"Pendahuluan Adanya hipertensi pada kehamilan yang diinduksi oleh preeklampsia merupakan salah satu alasan yang menyebabkan kenaikan angka kematian ibu hamil di Indonesia. Penyebab preeklampsia masih berkembang, tetapi satu gagasan menyiratkan bahwa iskemia plasenta hadir karena akumulasi stres oksidatif selama trimester terakhir kehamilan, sehingga menyebabkan hipoksia persisten. Salah satu faktor akumulasi stres oksidatif diinduksi oleh peningkatan FOXO-3. Tujuan dari penelitian observasional menggunakan desain potong lintang ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana gen FOXO-3 mempengaruhi stres oksidatif pada plasenta normal dan pada preeklampsia onset dini (EOPE). Metode Dalam penelitian desain potong lintang ini, sampel terdiri dari 31 plasenta kehamilan normal dan 31 plasenta EOPE. RT-PCR digunakan untuk menentukan ekspresi relatif dari FOXO-3 mRNA. Hasil Antara kelompok normal dan EOPE, ekspresi relatif FOXO-3 mRNA menunjukkan ekspresi yang sama dengan normal dengan distribusi homogen antara dua kelompok, p>0.05. Kesimpulan Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekspresi FOXO-3 pada jaringan plasenta preeklampsia onset dini lebih besar dibandingkan pada kehamilan aterm normal berdasarkan percobaan. Namun, hasilnya tidak signifikan secara statistik.

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Introduction The presence of hypertension in pregnancy induced by preeclampsia is amongst the causative reason of increased maternal mortality in Indonesia. The preeclampsia etiology is still developing, but one idea implies that placental ischemia is present due to the oxidative stress accumulation during the last trimester of gestation, hence leading to persistent hypoxia. One of the factors of oxidative stress accumulation is induced by the increase of FOXO-3. The goal of this observational study using casecontrol design is to look at how the FOXO-3 gene affects oxidative stress in the normal placenta and in early onset preeclampsia (EOPE). Methods The sample consisted of 31 normal pregnancy placentas and 31 EOPE placentas in this case control research. The relative expression of FOXO-3 mRNA was determined using RT-PCR. Results Between the normal and EOPE groups, there are no differences in the relative expression of FOXO-3 mRNA in preeclamptic when being compared to normal with a homogenic distribution between two groups, p>0.05. Conclusion To conclude, the FOXO-3 expression in early onset preeclamptic placental tissue is greater than in normal term pregnancy based on the experiment. However, the result were insignificant in a statistical manner."

"Pathology of the human placenta remains the most comprehensive and authoritative text in the field. It provides extensive information on the normal placenta, encompassing physiology, metabolism, and endocrinology, and covers the full range of placental diseases in great detail. Further chapters are devoted to abortions, molar pregnancies, multiple pregnancies, and legal considerations. This sixth edition of the book has been extensively revised and expanded to reflect the most recent progress in the field, and a brand new chapter has been added on artificial reproductive technology. Some 800 illustrations are included, many of them in color. The detailed index has been further improved and tables updated."

"ABSTRAKPreeklampsia merupakan sindrom sistemik yang terjadi pada 3-5 % kehamilan wanita yang disebabkan oleh gangguan faktor migrasi dan faktor seluler  yang berdampak pada gangguan diferensiasi dan invasi trofoblas yang penting dalam proses perkembangan plasenta dan mempertahankan kehamilan. Protein Cullin-1 merupakan salah satu kandidat protein yang berperan dalam proses mempertahankan kehamilan, perkembangan dan invasi trofoblas di dalam  plasenta. Hingga saaat ini belum ada penelitian yang menghubungkan ekspresi Cullin-1 pada pasien preeklampsia dengan waktu terminasi kehamilan. Oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis ekspresi Cullin-1 pasien preeklampsia dan hubungannya dengan waktu terminasi kehamilan. Sampel plasenta diambil dari pasien preeklampsia yang terdiri dari tiga kelompok usia kehamilan, kemudian dilakukan perwarnaan imunohistokimia untuk dilihat dinamika ekspresi dan distribusi Cullin-1 pada berbagai kelompok usia kehamilan dan hubungannya dengan waktu terminasi kehamilan. Cullin-1 terekspresi pada sinsitiotrofoblas dan  sitotrofoblas. Kadar Cullin-1 terendah didapatkan pada kelompok usia kehamilan very preterm, dan paling tinggi didapatkan di kelompok usia kehamilan moderate preterm. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara ekspresi optical density (OD) Cullin-1 dengan   waktu terminasi  kehamilan, dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna  (OD) Cullin-1 pasien preeklampsia usia kehamilan very preterm dengan usia kehamilan moderate preterm. Disimpulkan bahwa Cullin-1 terekspresi pada sinsitiotrofoblas dan sitotrofoblas dan berhubungan dengan waktu terminasi kehamilan.

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ABSTRACT

Preeclampsia is a systemic syndrome that occurs in 3-5% of female pregnancies caused by disorders of migration factors and cellular factors that have an impact on the disruption of trophoblast differentiation and invasion that is important in the process of developing the placenta and maintaining pregnancy. Protein Cullin-1 is one candidate protein that plays a role in the process of maintaining pregnancy, development and trophoblast invasion in the placenta. Until now there have been no studies linking the expression of Cullin-1 in preeclamptic patients with the timing of pregnancy termination. Therefore in this study an analysis of Cullin-1 expression in preeclamptic patients and their relationship to the timing of pregnancy termination was carried out. Placental samples were taken from preeclampsia patients consisting of three gestational age groups, then immunohistochemical staining was performed to see the dynamics of expression and distribution in each age group of pregnancy and to find out their relationship with  the timing of pregnancy termination. Cullin-1 was expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts. The lowest Cullin-1 level was obtained in the very preterm age group, and the highest was found in the moderate preterm gestational age group. There was a significant difference between Cullin-1 optical density (OD) expression and termination time of pregnancy, and there was a significant difference (OD) in Cullin-1 preeclamptic patients with very preterm gestational age with moderate preterm gestational age. It was concluded that Cullin-1 was expressed both in syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts and was associated with the timing of pregnancy termination."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Prematuritas merupakan salah satu kelainan yang masih menjadimasalah global. Kejadian prematuritas tidak hanya terjadi di negara berkembangtetapi juga di negara maju. Beberapa kondisi ibu hamil dapat memicu keadaanhipoksia dalam rahim sehingga menyebabkan kelahiran prematur. Keadaanplasenta menggambarkan kesejahteraan janin intra uteri. Kondisi hipoksia selulermemicu ekspresi HIF-1α yang menjadi faktor transkripsi bagi CA9 sebagaipenanda hipoksia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh hipoksiaterhadap plasenta prematur.Metode: Sampel menggunakan plasenta prematur yang hipoksia (H) dan nonhipoksia(N) sebagai kontrol. Parameter yang dinilai adalah struktur histologisplasenta (Hematoksilin-Eosin), regulator hipoksia HIF-1α (imunohistokimia), danpenanda hipoksia CA9 (ELISA).Hasil: Penilaian struktur histologis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan jumlahpembuluh darah fetus antara kedua kelompok secara bermakna, dimana padakelompok hipoksia jumlah pembuluh darah fetus lebih banyak dibandingkankelompok non-hipoksia. Distribusi intensitas ekspresi HIF-1α kedua kelompokjuga berbeda bermakna. Rerata kadar CA9 kedua kelompok tidak berbedabermakna, namun terdapat kecenderungan rerata kadar CA9 kelompok hipoksialebih tinggi 28% dibandingkan yang non-hipoksia.Kesimpulan: Pengaruh hipoksia terhadap plasenta prematur pada tingkatmolekuler berupa stabilitas protein HIF-1α yang menyebabkan peningkatanjumlah pembuluh darah fetus dan terjadi kecenderungan peningkatan sintesisprotein CA9.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Prematurity is a disorder that is still a global problem. Incidence ofprematurity is a problem in developing and also in developed countries. Certaincondition accompanying pregnancies may trigger uterine hypoxia, causingpremature birth. The placental condition is related with the intra-uterine fetalcondition. Cellular hypoxic condition caused by systemic chronic hypoxia, lead tostabilization of HIF-1α protein, a transcription factor of CA9. This study aimed toanalyze the effect of hypoxia on the premature placenta.Methods: Samples from hypoxic premature placenta (H) and non-hypoxicpremature placenta (N) were collected. Parameters assessed were histologicalstructure of the placenta (Hematoxylin-Eosin), expression of HIF-1α(immunohistochemistry) and the level of CA9 (ELISA).Results: Assessment of histological structure showed the number of fetal bloodvessels were differed significantly between the two group, wherein the hypoxiagroup was more than the non-hypoxia. The distributions of HIF-1α expressionbetween the two groups were also differed significantly. The average level of CA9between two groups were not significant, but there is a tendency of higher level ofCA9 in the hypoxia group (28% higher compared to the non-hypoxia group).Conclusion: It is concluded that the effect of the hypoxia on premature placentain this study occured at molecular level and lead to HIF-1α protein stability thatcauses an increase of the number of fetal blood vessel and synthesis of CA9protein.;Background: Prematurity is a disorder that is still a global problem. Incidence ofprematurity is a problem in developing and also in developed countries. Certaincondition accompanying pregnancies may trigger uterine hypoxia, causingpremature birth. The placental condition is related with the intra-uterine fetalcondition. Cellular hypoxic condition caused by systemic chronic hypoxia, lead tostabilization of HIF-1α protein, a transcription factor of CA9. This study aimed toanalyze the effect of hypoxia on the premature placenta.Methods: Samples from hypoxic premature placenta (H) and non-hypoxicpremature placenta (N) were collected. Parameters assessed were histologicalstructure of the placenta (Hematoxylin-Eosin), expression of HIF-1α(immunohistochemistry) and the level of CA9 (ELISA).Results: Assessment of histological structure showed the number of fetal bloodvessels were differed significantly between the two group, wherein the hypoxiagroup was more than the non-hypoxia. The distributions of HIF-1α expressionbetween the two groups were also differed significantly. The average level of CA9between two groups were not significant, but there is a tendency of higher level ofCA9 in the hypoxia group (28% higher compared to the non-hypoxia group).Conclusion: It is concluded that the effect of the hypoxia on premature placentain this study occured at molecular level and lead to HIF-1α protein stability thatcauses an increase of the number of fetal blood vessel and synthesis of CA9protein., Background: Prematurity is a disorder that is still a global problem. Incidence ofprematurity is a problem in developing and also in developed countries. Certaincondition accompanying pregnancies may trigger uterine hypoxia, causingpremature birth. The placental condition is related with the intra-uterine fetalcondition. Cellular hypoxic condition caused by systemic chronic hypoxia, lead tostabilization of HIF-1α protein, a transcription factor of CA9. This study aimed toanalyze the effect of hypoxia on the premature placenta.Methods: Samples from hypoxic premature placenta (H) and non-hypoxicpremature placenta (N) were collected. Parameters assessed were histologicalstructure of the placenta (Hematoxylin-Eosin), expression of HIF-1α(immunohistochemistry) and the level of CA9 (ELISA).Results: Assessment of histological structure showed the number of fetal bloodvessels were differed significantly between the two group, wherein the hypoxiagroup was more than the non-hypoxia. The distributions of HIF-1α expressionbetween the two groups were also differed significantly. The average level of CA9between two groups were not significant, but there is a tendency of higher level ofCA9 in the hypoxia group (28% higher compared to the non-hypoxia group).Conclusion: It is concluded that the effect of the hypoxia on premature placentain this study occured at molecular level and lead to HIF-1α protein stability thatcauses an increase of the number of fetal blood vessel and synthesis of CA9protein.]"

"ABSTRAKPlasenta previa totalis merupakan salah satu penyebab perdarahan masa antepartum. Plasenta previa totalis dapat menyebabkan perdarahan antepartum, persalinan prematur, perdarahan post partum, dan konsekuensi mortalitas dan morbiditas pada maternal dan neonatal. Perawat dalam mengatasi pasien dengan plasenta previa totalis di ruang perawatan adalah dengan menggunakan teori model keperawatan konservasi Levine. Teori ini berfokus pada peningkatan kemampuan adaptasi dan mempertahankan keutuhan atau wholeness selama ibu dirawat setelah mengalami perdarahan dan menuju fase pemulihan sehingga dapat mencegah perdarahan berulang dan menjaga kondisi kehamilan hingga usia matang. Konservasi yang dilakukan meliputi konservasi energi, konservasi integritas personal struktural dan sosial. Selain itu untuk mempercepat proses adaptasi maka dibutuhkan tindakan penunjang yaitu melalui tindakan terapeutik the theory therapeutic intention .Studi kasus dilakukan terhadap lima ibu hamil yang mengalami plasenta previa totalis dan menjalani terapi konservatif, adapun pendekatan proses keperawatan melalui model konservasi Levine dan the theory therapeutic intention. Penerapan model konservasi levine dalam lima kasus ditemukan diagnosa keperawatan resiko kekurangan volume cairan, resiko gangguan hubungan ibu janin, kecemasan, kesiapan peningkatan pengetahuan dan peningkatan pelibatan keluarga dalam perawatan. Hasil intervensi yang dilakukan berdasarkan prinsip konservasi dan the theory therapeutic intention pada kelima kasus menunjukkan bahwa status hidrasi adekuat, kesejahteraan janin stabil, kecemasan menurun, pengetahuan meningkat dan adanya keterlibatan keluarga dalam perawatan.

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ABSTRACT

Placenta previa totalis is one of the causes of antepartum haemorrhage. Placenta previa totalis may cause antepartum bleeding, premature labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity consequences. Nurses in dealing with patients with placenta previa totalis in the treatment room are using Levine conservation nursing model theory. This theory focuses on improving adaptability and maintaining wholeness or wholeness during mothers treated after bleeding and into recovery phase so as to prevent recurrent bleeding and maintain the condition of pregnancy until the age of mature. Conservation undertaken includes energy conservation, conservation of structural and social personal integrity. In addition, to accelerate the adaptation process, it is necessary to support the action through therapeutic action the theory therapeutic intention . The case study was conducted on five pregnant women who had placenta previa totalis and conservative therapy, while the nursing process approach through the Levine conservation model and the therapeutic theory Intention. Application of the levine conservation model in five cases found nursing diagnoses of risk of fluid volume deficiency, risk of fetal maternal intercourse, anxiety, increased readiness of knowledge and increased family involvement in care. The results of the intervention based on conservation principles and the theory of therapeutic intention in the five cases show that adequate hydration status, stable fetal wellbeing, decreased anxiety, increased knowledge and family involvement in care."

"Latar Belakang: Terlepas dari kemajuan perawatan perinatal, preeklampsia masih menjadi penyebab utama mortalitas dan morbiditas ibu dan janin di dunia. Namun, etiologi utama dan patofisiologi preeklampsia tetap diperdebatkan. Asosiasi antara preeklampsia dengan stres oksidatif tidak diragukan lagi. Hal ini telah dibuktikan dengan banyaknya publikasi yang mengukur biomarker ROS dan enzim antioksidan yang ditemukan pada plasenta dan sirkulasi darah ibu. Studi tersebut menunjukkan bukti biologis produksi berlebihan spesies oksigen reaktif sebagai konsekuensi kapasitas pertahanan antioksidan radikal bebas yang tidak memadai. Katalase adalah salah satu enzim antioksidan yang bekerja secara efisien untuk melawan spesies oksigen reaktif. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji apakah terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari tingkat aktivitas enzim katalase pada jaringan plasenta manusia pada kehamilan normal, Early Preeclampsia and Late Preeclampsia. Metode : Rancangan penelitian ini adalah penelitian cross sectional-observational untuk mengetahui tingkat rata-rata aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase yang berperan sebagai antioksidan pada plasenta baik pada kehamilan normal maupun preeklampsia. Aktivitas katalase spesifik diukur dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri dan kemudian dibagi dengan tingkat protein. Kegiatan kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis untuk menguji normalitas. Selanjutnya data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji post hoc (Mann-Whitney). Hasil : Secara statistic, ditemuka perbedaan yang signifikan antara aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase pada jaringan plasenta late-preeclampsia dibandingkan dengan kehamilan normal. Pola ini tidak terdeteksi dalam plasenta kehamilan normal ketika dibandingkan dengan early preeclampsia, atau pada preeklamsia dini dibandingkan preeklamsia akhir. Diskusi : Ada korelasi antara stres oksidatif dan penurunan aktivitas spesifik katalase pada preeklampsia dibandingkan dengan jaringan plasenta kehamilan normal. Penurunan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase pada kelompok preeklamsia mungkin disebabkan oleh perubahan protein akibat stres oksidatif. Oleh karena itu, enzim katalase tidak dapat bekerja dengan baik. Kesimpulan : Ketidakseimbangan antara stres oksidatif dan aktivitas katalase, dimana ini dibuktikan oleh penurunan aktivitas spesifik katalase pada preeklampsia dibandingkan dengan jaringan plasenta kehamilan normal mungkin merupakan faktor kunci terjadinya preeklamsia.

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Background : Despite the advance progress of perinatal care, preeclampsia still remains as a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity in the world. However, the main etiology and pathophysiology of preeclampsia remains debatable. The association of preeclampsia with oxidative stress is established beyond doubt. This has been proven by many publications which measure the biomarkers of ROS and antioxidant enzymes found in the placenta and maternal blood circulation. The study showing biological evidence of excessive production of reactive oxygen species as a consequence of inadequate capacity of antioxidant defense mechanism. Catalase is one of antioxidant enzymes which work efficiently combating reactive oxygen species.

Purpose : This present study is aimed to examine whether there is significant difference of the specific catalase activity in the human placental tissue of normal pregnancy, early preeclampsia and late preeclampsia.

Methods : The design of this research is cross sectional-observational study to determine the average level of specific activity of catalase enzyme which act as antioxidant in the placenta of both normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. The specific activity of catalase was measured by using spectrophotometry method and then divided with protein level. The activity then analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis test to examine the normality. Furthermore, the data was analyzed by using post hoc (Mann-Whitney) test.

Results : The specific activity of catalase enzyme was found to be statistically significant difference between the placental tissue of late preeclampsia compared to normal pregnancy. This pattern was not detected in catalase specific activity of normal pregnancy versus early preeclampsia, nor in early preeclampsia versus late preeclampsia.

Discussion : There is correlation between oxidative stress and decreased specific activity of catalase in the preeclampsia compared to the normal pregnancy placental tissue. The decreased specific activity of catalase enzyme in preeclampsia groups may due to protein alteration by oxidative stress. Hence, the catalase enzyme cannot work properly.

Conclusion : Imbalanced between oxidative stress and catalase specific activity which has proven by the decreased in the preeclampsia compared to the normal pregnancy placental tissue may be the key factor in the occurrence of preeclampsia."

"Latar Belakang: Preeclampsia adalah sindrom yg ditemui pada ibu hamil dan menjadi salah satu penyebab kematian terbesar ibu dan anak. Salah satu teori menjelaskan bahwa preeclampsia terjadi karena kegagalan proses pseudovasculogenesis. Kegagalan proses ini akan menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan produksi sitokin anti inflamasi dan inflamasi. Ketidakseimbangan ini akan menghasilkan spesies oksigen reaktif (SOR). Glutation tereduksi (GSH) adalah zat yg dihasilkan oleh tubuh untuk menetralisir SOR dan mencegah stress oksidatif dengan demikian GSH dapat digunakan sebagai indikator untuk preeclampsia. Metode: Sampel dikumpulkan dari ibu dengan kelahiran normal (diatas 37 minggu), preeclampsia awal (sebelum 35 minggu), dan preeclampsia (diatas 35 minggu sampai 40 minggu). Kadar GSH pada ekstrak jaringan plasenta diukur mengunakan spectrophotometer.

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Background: Preeclampsia is a syndrome in pregnant woman which is the leading cause of maternal and perinatal illness and death. One proposed pathogenesis mechanism of preeclampsia is failure in pseudovasculogenesis process which will cause imbalance production of anti-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines. This imbalance production will trigger the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Reduced glutathione (GSH) is an important endogenous substance which neutralized ROS to prevent oxidative damage. GSH level can be used as an indicator for preeclampsia. Therefore we want to measure GSH level in early and late preeclampsia compared to normal pregnancy.

Methods: samples were collected from mother with normal gestation (above 37 weeks), early preeclampsia (before 35 weeks), and late preeclampsia (after 35 weeks and before 40 weeks). Afterwards, GSH level is measused from plancetal extract using spectrophotometer."