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"Halitosis (bad breath) is the most complained problem among mouth and teeth health. The source of halitosis are volatile sulfur compounds produced by Streptococcus mutatn from degradation of food debris. Sirih leaves (Piper betle L.) are trditionally used as mouth antiseptic for its volatile oil. The aim of this research was to formulate sirih extract into an extract with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with 96% ethanol for 24 hours, resulting to an extract with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), on Streptococcus mutans of 8.49 x 10 g/ml. The extract with streng quadrupele of the MIC, or equel to 0.92% provide iodine, was formulate using 2 factorial design. Corn starch, hydroxypropyl methycellulose (HPMC) and sorbitol were independent variables and drying time ,moisture, film hicknes, desintegrating time, and film streng were the dependent ones.The results showed that HPMC significantly fastened the drying time, decreased the moisture, and lengthened the desintegrating time. Sorbitol significantly fastened he drying time, increased the moisture, and strengthened the film, while corn stach decreased the moisture and lengthened the disintegrating time. Optimation of the formula ingredients using contour plot superimposed cannot be determinetd due to edible film disintegrating time that was out of comparative interval."

"Penelitian mengenai pengaruh pencekokan infus daun sirih merah (Piper betle L. Var. Rubrum ) terhadap tingkah laku geliat mencit (Mus musculus L.) jantan galur DDY telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Perkembangan Departemen Biologi FMIPA UI pada bulan Maret--Mei 2011. Mencit dikelompokkan menjadi 5 kelompok KK- sebagai kelompok kontrol negatif, yang hanya diberikan akuades. KK+ sebagai kelompok kontrol positif yang diberikan aspirin 65 mg/kg b.b. sebagai pembanding, serta KE1, KE2, dan KE3 sebagai kelompok eksperimen yang diberi infus daun sirih merah dengan dosis berturut-turut 4%, 2%, dan 1%. Asam asetat 1% dosis 10 ml/kg b.b. disuntikan secara intraperitonialuntuk reaksi geliat pada mencit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infus daun sirih merah dapat mengurangi rasa sakit pada mencit dengan dosis terbaik 4%.

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The Research on: The Effect of Infusion red betle Leaf (Piper betle L. Var. Rubrum) in writhing behaviour of mice (Mus musculus L.) males strain DDY. Has been conducted in laboratory of Developmental Biology, Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Sciences, University of Indonesia on months March--May. Mice were divided into 5 groups, KK- as a negative control group which was given only Destilled water. KK+ as a positive control group given 65 mg/kg per weights as a comperative group. Groups KE1, KE2, KE3 are the experimental group which were given red betle leaf infusion in doses 4%, 2%, and 1%. Acetic acid 1% was injected intraperionally 10 ml/kg per weights to induced reaction in mice. The results showed that infussion of red betle leaf can reduce writhing behaviour causes of pain in mice, and the best dose is 4%."

"Daun sirih Piper betle L memiliki kemampuan anti bakteri yang baik. Profil antibakteri tersebut disediakan oleh kandungan metabolit sekunder di dalam sediaan. Ekstrak etanol 80 daun sirih memiliki kompatibilitas yang baik untuk dijadikan sediaan farmasi. Penelitian oleh American Podiatric Medical Association pada tahun 2014 menunjukkan bahwa bau kaki menjadi permasalahan pada kaki yang banyak dialami masyarakat pada saat ini. Bau kaki tersebut banyak disebabkan oleh adanya bakteri, yakni bakteri Bacillus subtilis. Untuk mengatasi bau kaki dibuat sebuah sediaan antibaukaki. Sediaan spray dipilih karena menyediakan kenyamanan yang tinggi bagi pengguna. Penelitian ini menguji berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak dalam formula untuk menemukan konsentrasi kandungan ekstrak etanol yang paling baik, yang dapat menunjukkan diameter zona hambat terhadap bakteri Bacillus subtilis. Selain itu, dilakukan juga uji stabilitas fisik pada penyimpanan selama 8 minggu di suhu kamar 28 2°C , suhu tinggi 40 2°C, dan suhu rendah 4 2°C. Kontrol, Formula 1, Formula 2, dan Formula 3. Hasil uji stabilitas menunjukkan profil stabilitas fisik dengan parameter organoleptis yang baik. Kadar ekstrak etanol 80 daun sirih yang tepat untuk dapat memberikan diameter zona hambat minimum, diberikan oleh Formula 3, yakni ge; 2 mg/ml, dengan angka zona hambat minimum terhadap bakteri Bacillus subtilis, dengan diameter hambat yang terbentuk sebesar 2 mm.

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Betel leaf has long been proven and widely used in Indonesia for its antibacterial activities. Betel leaf 80 ethanolic extract has high compatibility to be made as a widely used pharmaceutical product, including spray. In 2014 American Podiatric Medical Association, studied a significant increasing of foot odor prevalence between our citizens. One of the reason of foot odor is caused by bacteria, mostly by Bacillus subitilis.

This study focussed on creating a pharmaceutical product with a strong antibacterial that showed minimum bactericidal concentration MBC towards bacteria that caused foot odor. Spray product was chosen because of the great pleasant experience for the user. The study tested various concentrations of betel leaf 80 ethanolic extract, to study its antibacterial activity. Stability testing towards its physical property on 8 week storage in three different temperature room temperature 28 2°C, high tempreature 40 2°C, and low temperature 4 2°C, was also conducted.

The three spray showed great physical stability profile on organoleptic parameters. Betel leaf 80 ethanolic extract, in the Formulation 3 showed Minimum Bactericidal Concentration MBC in 2 mm area with the formula that contained ge 2 mg ml Ethanolic Extract."

"Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) adalah virus yang menginfeksi hati dan menyebabkan penyakit serius dalam jangka panjang. Pengobatan saat ini menggunakan obat Direct-Acting Antiviral (DAA), namun adanya variasi genotipe dan resistensi terkait mutasi dapat menyebabkan kegagalan pengobatan, sehingga memerlukan pengembangan kandidat antivirus baru. Ekstrak daun P. betle telah dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas anti HCV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mekanisme efek antiviral ekstrak daun P. betle terhadap HCV dan potensinya sebagai komplementer dengan telaprevir atau sofosbuvir. Aktivitas antivirus diuji menggunakan sel Huh7it-1 dan HCV genotipe 2a (JFH1a), kemudian dianalisis persentase penghambatan dengan titrasi pada kultur sel dan qRT-PCR. Efek sinergis dan antagonis dengan telaprevir atau sofosbuvir dianalisis dengan perangkat lunak CompuSyn. Analisis in silico juga dilakukan untuk memprediksi interaksi senyawa pada ekstrak daun P. betle dengan protein NS3, NS5A, dan NS5B. Ekstrak daun P. betle diketahui mampu menghambat replikasi HCV, dengan daya hambat pada semua perlakuan lebih rendah dibandingkan kontrol. Kombinasi dengan telaprevir menunjukkan efek antagonis, sedangkan kombinasi dengan sofosbuvir menunjukkan efek sinergis pada konsentrasi tinggi, tanpa menyebabkan toksisitas. Prediksi interaksi mengidentifikasi senyawa ‐fenilpropena‐3,3‐diol diasetat dan 4-Allyl-1,2-diasetoksibenzena memiliki interaksi kuat dengan protein NS5A dan NS5B. Energi ikat masing-masingnya -6,86 kkal/mol dan -6,40 kkal/mol pada NS5A, serta 6,01 kkal/mol dan -5.93 kkal/mol pada NS5B. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa, ekstrak daun P. betle mampu menghambat replikasi HCV dan memiliki potensi sebagai komplementer dengan sofosbuvir pada konsentrasi tinggi.

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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a virus that infects the liver and causes serious disease in the long term. Current treatment uses Direct-acting Antiviral (DAA) drugs, but the presence of genotypic variations and resistance-associated mutations cause treatment failure, thus requiring the development of new antiviral candidates. P. betle leaf extract has anti-HCV activity. This study analyzes the antiviral mechanism and its potential synergy with telaprevir or sofosbuvir. Antiviral activity was tested using Huh7it-1 cells and HCV genotype 2a (JFH1a), then the inhibitory activity was analyzed by titration on cell culture and qRT-PCR. Synergistic and antagonistic effects with telaprevir or sofosbuvir were analyzed with CompuSyn software. In silico analysis was also carried out to predict the interaction of compounds in P. betle leaf extract with NS3, NS5A, and NS5B proteins. P. betle leaf extract is known to be able to inhibit HCV replication, with virus inhibition in all treatments being lower than the control. The combination with telaprevir showed an antagonistic effect, while the combination with sofosbuvir showed a synergistic effect at high concentration without causing toxicity. Interaction prediction identified the compounds 1-phenylpropene-3,3-diol diacetate and 4-allyl-1,2- diacetoxybenzene as having strong interactions with the NS5A and NS5B proteins, with binding energies of -6.86 kcal/mol and -6 .40 kcal/mol in NS5A, and 6.01 kcal/mol and -5.93 kcal/mol in NS5B, respectively. Based on this research, we conclude that P. betle leaf extract can inhibit HCV replication and has the potential to act as a complement to sofosbuvir at high concentrations."