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"Makalah ini menjelaskan kesenjangan gaji berdasarkan gender yang persisten di Hollywood, menekankan pada penilaian sistemik yang lebih rendah terhadap aktris perempuan meskipun memiliki kedudukan dan pengalaman yang setara dengan rekan laki-laki mereka. Studi ini menginterogasi bagaimana stereotip sosial dan dominasi historis budaya patriarki dalam industri telah mengukuhkan disparitas dalam pendapatan.Tulisan ini menjelaskan bahwa ketidaksetaraan pembayaran berdasarkan gender tetap kuat, bahkan ketika mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor seperti kompleksitas peran dan keberhasilan box office. Hasil diskusi menunjukkan bahwa persepsi eksternal dari beberapa peneliti dan penggambaran perempuan dalam media berkaitan dengan lintasan karir dan potensi penghasilan, menuntut perubahan industri perfilman Hollywood secara luas untuk untuk bisa menyetarakan gender.

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This paper explains Hollywood's persistent gender-based pay gap, emphasising the systematic undervaluation of female actresses despite having status and experience equivalent to their male counterparts. The study interrogates how social stereotypes and the historical dominance of patriarchal culture in the industry have solidified disparities in earnings. The writing explains that gender-based pay inequality remains strong, even when considering role complexity and box office success factors. The discussion results indicate that external perceptions from various researchers and the portrayal of women in media related to career trajectories and earning potential demand a broad change in the Hollywood film industry to achieve gender equality."

"ABSTRAKTeori diskriminasi Becker (1957) memprediksi bahwa peningkatan persaingan di pasarbarang akan mengurangi diskriminasi. Untuk menguji teori tersebut, penelitian inimengestimasi dampak peningkatan penetrasi impor pada diskriminasi upah gender diIndustri manufaktur Indonesia dari 2000 sampai 2014. Diskriminasi upah gender diukurdengan perubahan residual gender wage gap. Hasil uji empiris menggunakanmenunjukkan bahwa diskriminasi upah gender cenderung menjadi lebih rendah di sektoryang mengalami peningkatan penetrasi impor lebih tinggi dan pada awalnya memilikimarket power lebih besar.

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ABSTRACTBeckers discrimination theory (1957) predicts that the rise of competition in final goodswill drive out discrimination. To test this theory, this study estimates the impact of risingimport penetration on gender wage discrimination in Indonesian manufacturingindustries from 2000 to 2014. Gender wage discrimination is proxied by change inresidual gender wage gap. Empirical result suggests that the bigger market power, thebigger impact of rising import penetration on narrowing residual gender wage gap. Thisresult can be interpreted as lower gender wage discrimination in sector which is moreexposed to import penetration and initially has bigger market power."

"Controversial and exhaustively researched, gender expert Warren Farrell's latest book Why Men Earn More takes as its stunning argument the idea that bias-based unequal pay for women is largely a myth, and that women are most often paid less than men not because they are discriminated against, but because they have made lifestyle choices that affect their ability to earn.Why Men Earn More argues that while discrimination sometimes plays a part, both men and women unconsciously make trade-offs that affect how much they earn."