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"Multilingualism in EU is a state of affairs emerged as a range of different languages encounter one another. The history of European integration and the course of language policy in EU show that there is no policy on the language of EU. Issues related to language regulate themselves to practical tenets. This is what is identified as laissez-faire policy model. The putting into practice of this laissez-faire policy model in EU has significant implications to French language. They are closely correlated with the question of power. France, as a member-state having a vital role and strong leadership character in integration, perceives this circumstance as a form of threat against the strength and the popularity of its language.Situations of multilingualism and language policy belong to one theoretical framework of sociolinguistics study and come into surface alongside political thinking_ One of the sociolinguistics scholars is Pierre Bourdieu, who suggests diverse concepts; among them are champ, capital, habitus, ilhrsio, libido and symbolique violance. Bourdieu develops sociology theory and associates it with other studies, such as media, literature, and politics. The study on Ianguage policy in ELI in this thesis applies the approaches put forward by Bourdieu. EU has been an arena of political interest struggle (champ) to two key member states i.e. France and the UK. Both states engage in the champ and draw on different capital. Language policy is the primary factor determining the dissemination and reinforcement of French language. France has vigorously promoted its language by employing massive policies on language and culture. Nevertheless, the results of these efforts cannot go beyond the popularity of English in EU, which in this case is influenced by the factors of economy, culture, and politics.There is in fact another factor that determines the dissemination and reinforcement of English language, i.e_ the factor of the U.S. soft power. This thesis uses the concepts of power proposed by Joseph Nye Jr as well. Nye Jr defines soft power as an ability to gain what is desired by means better than force or money. English has ties to the economic system and global network dominated by the U.S. English itself is an integral part of globalization. The power of globalization becomes a habitus which at the end supports the dissemination and reinforcement of English language. The government of the UK does not need to carry out massive efforts similar to the ones done by the French government to elevate its language on top of language hierarchy. If hierarchy of language is regarded as something that is proper and natural, the acknowledgment of one single dominant language will easily take place. English will easily become the lingua franca of EU. EU's language policy which regulates to practical tenets will turn English into the de facto dominant language. This condition can eventually deteriorate EU's slogan of united in diversity_ The challenge for EU now lies on the ways of how to manage and regulate issues concerning language to strengthen the slogan without having to diminish the national identity of its member states."

"Most societies in today’sworld are multilingual. ‘Language contact’ occurs when speakers of different languages interact and their languages influence each other. This book is an introduction to the subject, covering individual and societal multilingualism, the acquisition of two or more languages from birth, second-language acquisition in adulthood, language change, linguistic typology, language processing, and the structure of the language faculty. It explains the effects of multilingualism on society and language policy, as well as the consequences that long-term bilingualism within communities can have for the structure of languages. Drawing on the author’s own first-hand observations of child and adult bilingualism, the book provides a clear analysis of such phenomena as language convergence, grammatical borrowing, and mixed languages."

"This book depicts the phenomenon of cross-linguistic influences in the specific context of multilingual language acquisition. It consists of articles on various issues relating to the syntactic and lexical development of foreign language learners from different L1 backgrounds, in many cases involving languages which are typologically distant from English, such as Russian, Croatian, Greek and Portuguese. Individual chapters highlight different areas expected to be especially transfer-prone at the level of grammatical and lexical transfer in particular contexts of language contact."

"Lanskap linguistik (LL) merupakan ilmu linguistik yang melihat fenomena bahasa di ruang publik. Salah satu tujuan LL memahami multilingualisme di daerah atau kawasan tertentu. Pada masa Covid-19 banyak ditemukan pesan-pesan dan imbauan untuk mencegah Covid-19. Imbauan tersebut dapat ditemukan di transportasi umum Jakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pemilihan bahasa dan kondisi multilingualisme pada LL di transportasi umum Jakarta–KRL, MRT, dan TJ–dalam pencegahan penularan Covid-19. Data diambil pada bulan Februari–Maret 2022 yang dianalisis menggunakan metode kualitatif. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Landry & Bourhis (1997). Adapun untuk melihat kategori tanda, menggunakan teori Gorter (2006) top-down dan bottom-up serta teori part writing Backhaus (2007). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tanda-tanda yang diteliti mayoritas berasal dari top-down. Hanya sedikit tanda bottom-up yang peneliti temukan karena area komersial jarang ditemukan di transportasi umum Jakarta. Multilingualisme terlihat dengan munculnya dua bahasa, yaitu bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris. Analisis menggunakan teori part writing Backhaus (2007) memperlihatkan dominasi bahasa Indonesia dalam penggunaan pesan pada tanda pencegahan penularan Covid-19 pada transportasi umum di Jakarta.

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Landscape linguistics (LL) is a linguistic study that looks at the phenomenon of language in the public sphere. One of the goals of LL is to understand multilingualism in a particular area or region. During the Covid-19 period, there were many messages to prevent Covid-19. These messages can also be found on public transportation in Jakarta. This study aims to examine the choice of language and the condition of multilingualism in LL in Jakarta public transportation – KRL, MRT, and TJ – to prevent the transmission of Covid-19. The data was taken in February–March 2022 and was analyzed using a qualitative method. The theory used is the theory of Landry & Bourhis (1997). As for looking at the sign categories, using the top-down and bottom-up Gorter (2006) theory and the part writing theory by Backhaus (2007). The results showed that the signs studied were the majority from top-down. Only a slight bottom-up sign because commercial areas are rarely found on Jakarta's public transportation. Multilingualism is seen with the emergence of two languages, namely Indonesian and English. Analysis using Backhaus's (2007) part writing theory shows the dominance of Indonesian in the use of messages as a sign of preventing the transmission of Covid-19 on public transportation in Jakarta."

"Mencampurkan dua bahasa dalam percakapan sudah bukan hal yang asing lagi, begitu pula dengan memasukkannya ke dalam lirik lagu. Meski begitu, belum banyak penelitian yang mengkaji campur kode dalam lagu, terutama antara bahasa Belanda dan bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menambah sumber informasi dengan mengkaji campur kode bahasa Indonesia dalam lirik lagu karya Wouter Muller. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mengurangi ketimpangan informasi dalam bidang linguistik, terutama campur kode. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kepustakaan. Data berupa lirik lagu diambil dari situs pribadi milik Wouter Muller. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat jenis insersi, alternasi juga leksikalisasi kongruen berupa kata, frasa, dan kalimat dalam sembilan lirik lagu karya Wouter Muller. Faktor penyebab terjadinya campur kode dalam lirik-lirik lagu ini di antaranya untuk menambah kesan estetis dan kesan retoris, kehadiran peserta lain, menunjukkan rasa solidaritas yang tinggi, dan menyesuaikan topik.

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Mixing two languages in conversation is no longer a peculiar thing, as is including it in song lyrics. Nevertheless, there have not been many studies exploring code-mixing in songs, especially between Dutch and Indonesian. This study aims to increase the source of information by examining the code-mixing in Indonesia in the song lyrics written by Wouter Muller. This study also attempts to fill the gap of information in the linguistic field, mainly about code-mixing. The song’s lyrics were taken from Wouter Muller’s website. The method used in this research is library research. The results revealed that there were types of insertions, alternations, and congruent lexicalization in the form of words, phrases, and a sentence in nine song lyrics written by Wouter Muller. The motives of code-mixing in the song lyrics were to add the aesthetic and rhetoric impression, the presence of other participants, showing a strong sense of solidarity, and adjusting to the song’s topic"

"Menggunakan metode campuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif, penelitian ini menganalisis pola pemilihan bahasa dan dominasi bahasa dalam tanda-tanda publik yang merepresentasikan gender berbeda dalam lanskap linguistik ruang dengan konsep segregasi gender, yaitu usaha potong rambut di Kecamatan Jombang. Tanda-tanda komersial tampak depan usaha-usaha potong rambut dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga jenis gender target pasar, yaitu perempuan, laki-laki, serta keduanya. Kemudian, kata yang digunakan dalam setiap tanda diambil sebagai data. Analisis mencakup uji signifikansi hubungan antara pemilihan bahasa dan gender target pasar, identifikasi pola dominasi bahasa, serta  fungsi informasional dan simbolis dari penggunaan dan dominasi bahasa. Hasilnya, terdapat indikasi hubungan yang signifikan antara jumlah penggunaan kosa kata dalam bahasa yang berbeda dengan gender target pasar. Secara keseluruhan, bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris digunakan lebih banyak dan ditemukan mendominasi berbagai tanda dengan ketiga jenis target pasar target pasar. Akan tetapi, kelompok target pasar perempuan menunjukkan penggunaan bahasa Inggris yang lebih tinggi dan penggunaan bahasa Jawa yang lebih rendah dari nilai ekspektasi, berbanding terbalik dengan target pasar laki-laki. Hasil yang selaras pun ditemukan pada pola dominasi bahasa di mana bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris mendominasi tanda bilingual dan trilingual kelompok target pasar perempuan, sedangkan bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Indonesia mendominasi kelompok tanda bilingual dan sebagian tanda trilingual target pasar laki-laki. Temuan ini sesuai dengan berbagai penelitian sebelumnya akan minat penggunaan bahasa dengan prestise lebih tinggi yang cenderung dimiliki perempuan daripada laki-laki. Pola multilingualisme pada perempuan ini menandakan bahwa masyarakat di Kecamatan Jombang kini telah bercorak “ekonomi baru” di mana kesempatan berpendidikan dan berkarir telah setara antara kedua gender, sesuai dengan data demografis penduduknya. Kemudian, fungsi informasional penggunaan bahasa meliputi bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa donor istilah teknis, bahasa Inggris untuk menaikkan visibilitas nama usaha, bahasa Indonesia sebagai bentuk akomodasi bahasa, serta bahasa Jawa sebagai penanda wilayah usaha. Fungsi simbolis penggunaan bahasa meliputi bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris sebagai perangkat modernitas dan prestise, bahasa Jawa sebagai perangkat tradisionalisme, dan bahasa Jawa sebagai perangkat pemerdekat jarak sosial. Temuan fungsi bahasa menunjukkan adanya kebutuhan pengembangan bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Indonesia agar penggunaannya dapat memberikan fungsi informasional yang lebih substansial serta adanya kebutuhan akan kesadaran pemilihan bahasa di masa depan yang lebih sensitif terhadap keadaan identitas gender berbeda di masyarakat dalam upaya pelestarian multilingualisme yang lebih inklusif.

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Using quantitative and qualitative methods, this research analyzes patterns of language choice and language dominance in public signage that represent different genders in the linguistic landscape with the concept of gender segregation, namely haircut businesses in Jombang Subdistrict. The commercial signage on the front of haircut businesses are grouped into three types of target market based on the gender, which are women, men, and both. Then, the words used are taken as data. The analysis consists of testing the significance of the relationship between language selection and target market gender, identifying patterns of language use, language dominance, as well as the informational and symbolic functions of language use and dominance. In result, there are indications of a significant relationship between the amount of words used in different languages ​​and the gender of the target market. Notably, Indonesian and English are the dominant languages across all three target market type. However, the female target market group shows a higher use of English and a lower use of Javanese than expected, in contrast to the male target market. Similar patterns emerge in the language dominance, where Indonesian and English dominate bilingual and trilingual signs for the female target market, while Javanese and Indonesian dominate bilingual signs and several trilingual signs for the male target market. This finding aligns with several prior studies that highlight women’s preference for using language associated with higher prestige. The observed multilingualism among women reflects a societal shift toward a ‘new economy,’ where educational and career opportunities are equally accessible to both genders. This trend is also evident in the demographic data of the population. The informational function of language use includes English and Indonesian as donor languages ​​for technical terms, English to increase business name visibility, Indonesian as a form of language accommodation, and Javanese as a marker of place identity. Symbolically, Indonesian and English function as instruments of modernity and prestige, while Javanese preserves tradition in signs with female target markets and fosters close social bonds in signs with female target markets. These findings underscore the need for language development, particularly in Javanese, so that their use can provide a more substantial informational function, as well as the need for awareness of future language choices that are more sensitive to the situation of different gender identities in society within efforts to pursue inclusivity in preserving multilingualism."