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"ABSTRAKA study on microbiological quality of Nasi Rames was carried out ifrom December 1996 to January 1997. One hundred and two samples of Nasi Rames were collected and 102 food handler were interviewed. The microbiological contamination was assessed by using the method of enumeration of Indicator organisms (Aerobic Plate Count, Coliforms, and Escherichia coli) in PetrifilmTM at SEAMEO TROPMED Laboratory, Jakarta. High microbial counts were found in food samples. More than 21 % of food samples contained APC higher than 106 CFUIg food. Coliform counts higher than 102 CFUIg was found in 75.5% of Nasi Rames and 42.2% of the samples were contaminated with E. coll. The study did not find geographical pattern of microbiological contamination in studied area or any significant differences between districts as well as environment. Statistical analysis showed there was significant difference in microbial counts between vendor 1 and vendor 2. Further statistical analysis on risk factors contribute to microbial contamination showed that water source was associated with high counts of APC (p=0.016) and that the manner of waste disposal was associated with E. coli contamination (p=0.025). The study has suggested that the basic facilities were essential in the street vending operation. Considering that street food cater for numerous people, there are urgent needs to improve the microbiological quality of street foods. Actions should be taken to provide basic facilities and introduce the knowledge on food hygiene to street food vendors as well as the consumer."

"Biomachining merupakan proses alternatif dalam fabrikasi mikro yang tergolong ramah lingkungan karena menggunakan bakteri sebagai cutting tool. Proses biomachining menghasilkan kualitas permukaan yang lebih baik karena tidak menghasilkan panas pada permukaan benda kerja dan berpotensi menghasilkan produk dengan skala mikro yang lebih kompleks. Dalam penelitian ini, proses biomachining mulai dikembangkan menjadi lebih fleksibel sesuai dengan arah multi-axis. Proses biomachining bergantung pada kadar oksigen yang terkandung dalam larutan medium kultur, karena oksigen merupakan komponen utama proses metabolisme bakteri dalam melakukan material removal. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap 5 buah sampel material tembaga (Cu) yang diletakkan dengan kedalaman berbeda-beda terhadap permukaan cairan medium kultur bakteri Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans NBRC 14262. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa material sampel yang ditempatkan pada kedalaman 40 mm memiliki tingkat material removal rate (MRR) 50% lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang diletakkan pada kedalaman 120 mm.

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Biomachining is an alternative process in the micro-fabrication categorized as environmental friendly because it uses bacteria as a cutting tool. Biomachining process produces a better surface quality because it does not generate heat on the surface of the workpiece that potentially developed to produce more complex microproducts. In this reasearch, biomachining process was developed to be more flexible in multi-axis direction. Biomachining process depends on the level of oxygen contained in the cultured medium, because oxygen is a main component of the metabolic processes of bacteria to conduct of material removal. The experiments were carried out on 5 pieces of material from copper (Cu) and placed in different depths to the surface of the liquid culture medium of bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans NBRC 14262. The results showed that sample material that placed 40 mm below the top surface of media has material removal rate (MRR) 50% larger than the one placed 120 mm below."

"ABSTRAKXanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae (Xoo) menyebabkan hawar daun bakteri (HDB) pada padi (Oryza sativaL.), yangmerupakan penyakit utama dan menjadi pembatas bagi produksi tanaman pokok di banyak negara di dunia. IsolasiXoodilakukan dari daun padi yang terserang hawar daun bakteri. Identifikasi X. oryzae pv. oryzae dilakukan berdasarkanpada gejala yang ditimbulkannya, patogenisitas, karaktermorfologi, fisiologi, dan genetik biakan bakteri yang diisolasidari tanaman padi yang terinfeksi Xoo. Sebanyak 50 isolat yang didugaXoo telah berhasil diisolasi. Bakteri tersebutbersifat aerobik, berbentuk batang, dan tergolong Gram negatif. Isolat-isolat tersebut diuji hipersensitivitasnya padatanaman tembakau dan patogenisitasnya pada padi. Kelima puluh isolat bakteri tersebut mampu menginduksi reaksihipersensitif pada tanaman tembakau dan menyebabkan gejala sakit pada tanaman padi dengan perkembangan gejalayang berbeda. Hasil uji fisiologi, reaksi hipersensitivitasdan patogenisitas, tiga isolat bakteri yang diduga kuat Xooyaitu STG21, STG42, dan STG46 menunjukkan bahwa bakteri tersebut tidak membentuk indol, tidak menghasilkanpigmen flouresens, menghidrolisis kasein, memiliki aktivitas enzim katalase, tetapi tidak memiliki aktivitas enzimoksidase. Hasil parsial sekuensing gen penyandi 16S rRNA dari STG21 dan STG42 menunjukkan homologi dengan X.oryzae pv oryzae masing-masing sebesar 80% dan 82%,sedangkan STG46 menunjukkan homologi dengan X.campestris sebesar 84%. Mutagenesis dengan transposon Mini-Tn5 pada STG21 menghasilkan salah mutan (M5) yangtidak dapat menginduksi reaksi hipersensitif pada tanaman tembakau dan berkurang patogenisitasnya pada padi.Panjang gejala HDB pada padi yang ditimbulkan mutan M5 berkurang sebesar 80%.

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AbstractX. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.), a major disease that constrains production of the staple crop in many countries of the world. Identification of X.oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was conducted based on the disease symptoms, pathogenicity, morphological, physiological,and genetic characteristics of bacterial cultures isolated from the infected plants. Fifty bacterial isolates predicted as Xoohave been successfully isolated. They are aerobic, rod shaped, and Gram negative bacteria. The isolates were evaluatedfor their hypersensitivity in tobacco andpathogenicity in rice plant. Fifty isolates induced hypersensitive reaction intobacco and showed pathogenicity symptom in rice in different length. Based on physiological test, hypersensitivity andpathogenicity reactions, three bacterial isolates strongly predicted asXoo, i.e. STG21, STG42, and STG46, were nonindole formation, non pigment fluorescent, hydrolyzed casein, catalase activity positive, but negative oxidase. Partialsequencing of 16S rRNA genes of STG21 and STG42 showed 80% and 82% homology with X. oryzae, respectively,while STG46 showed 84% homology withX. campestris. Mini-Tn5 transposon mutagenesis of STG21 generated one ofthe mutants (M5) lossed it?s ability to induce hypersensitive reaction in tobacco plant and deficient in pathogenicity onrice. The lesion length of rice leaf causedby the mutant M5 decreased up to 80%. "

"Tujuan Menunjukkan adanya A. anitratus pada isolat klinik (darah) yang berasal dari pasien rawat di rumah sakit di Jakarta selama periode 2002-2008 dan pola sensitivitas mikroorganisme ini terhadap antibiotika. Metode Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian retrospektif dari semua spesimen darah yang masuk ke laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia (LMK-FKUI) dari tahun 2002-2008. Kultur dan pemeriksaan kepekaan terhadap antibiotik dilakukan berdasarkan praktek standar di LMK-FKUI dan Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute pada tahun yang bersangkutan. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan program WHO-NET 5.4. Semua mikroorganisme Gram negative yang diisolasi dari spesimen darah ditabulasi juga termasuk dengan uji kepekaan A. anitratus terhadap antibiotik. Selain itu juga dilakukan analisis terhadap asal spesimen atau dari institusi mana spesimen tersebut berasal. Hasil A. anitratus merupakan bakteri Gram negatif yang paling banyak diisolasi selama tujuh tahun sejak 2002 sampai 2008 dari spesimen darah, dan selalu ditemukan setiap tahunnya. Hampir 50% bakteri yang diisolasi terdiri dari bakteri tersebut dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan keduanya adalah bakteri lingkungan. Pemeriksaan kepekaan bakteri A. anitratus terhadap antibiotik menunjukkan adanya resistensi terhadap beberapa antibiotik yang diuji. Evaluasi asal spesimen darah menunjukan sebagai berikut: 88 spesimen (74%) berasal dari Rumah Sakit pemerintah, 18 spesimen (15%) dari Rumah Sakit swasta, 3 spesimen (3%) dari pasien praktek dokter dan 10 spesimen (8%) tidak diketahui asalnya. Kesimpulan Ditemukan A.anitratus setiap tahun sejak 2002 sampai 2008 dari spesimen darah dari pasien rawat inap di beberapa Rumah Sakit di Jakarta. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mencari faktor resiko bakteremia A. anitratus agar dapat mengurangi kemungkinan terjadinya infeksi rumah sakit. Selain itu sangat dianjurkan untuk melanjutkan sampai tahap genotyping untuk menentukan hubungan antara strain yang ada di Rumah Sakit dengan strain yang diisolasi dari pasien.

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AbstractAim To report the presence of environmental microorganisms, A. anitratus, in blood of hospitalized patients in Jakarta from 2002 to 2008 and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Methods A Retrospective study w as performed on all blood specimens that were received in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory (CML) Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia during 2002-2008. Culture and antimicrobialsusceptibility examination were carried out according to up to date standard practice in CML and Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute, recpectively. Data was collected by WHONET 5.4 program. All Gram-negative microorganisms that were isolated from blood specimens were tabulated, and so the antibiotics susceptibility of A. anitratus. The origin of the specimens in term of institutions where the specimens came from was also analyzed. Results In a 7 year period up to 2008, A. anitratus was found in blood specimens, and these invironmental bacteria were in fact the most predominant isolated Gram negative microorganisms. Together with another environmental microorganism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it composed nearly 50%. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of this microorganism showed some degree of resistance to all tested antibiotics. The origin of those blood specimens which yielded A. anitratus were mainly from government-owned hospitals, that was 88 specimens (74%), followed by private hospitals (18 specimens, 15%), individuals (3 specimens, 3%), and unknown source (10 specimens, 8%). Conclusion Persistent occurrence of A. anitratus in blood specimens of hospitalized patients in hospitals in Jakarta was observed. In the near future, a study to fi nd risk factors for the acquisition of A. anitratus bacteremia is needed to reduce potential hospital associated infection. Moreover, genotyping is advised in order to determine the relationship of hospital and patient derived strains."

"Kebutuhan akan industri mikro semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya sehingga membutuhkan pengembangan dalam teknologi fabrikasinya,dengan biomachining menjadi salah satu alternatif yang low cost dan ramah lingkungan. Oksigen sangat berpengaruh terhadap metabolisme dari bakteri Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans sebagai cutting tool Biomachining. Pengaruhnya terlihat dari adanya perbedaan nilai material removal rate dalam setiap komposisi oksigen di setiap ketinggian penempatan sampel. Dengan demikian penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat signifikansi pengaruh tersebut dengan menyuplai udara dengan oksigen di dalamnya ke dalam proses dan melakukan karakterisasi terhadap proses biomachining dengan dan tanpa penambahan udara untuk melihat perbandingan pengaruhnya. Percobaan dilakukan dengan tiga ketinggian benda kerja yang berbeda dengan temperatur ruangan 23-25°C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh penambahan udara terhadap nilai MRR dengan kenaikan sebesar 350-400%. Selain itu ditemukan bahwa perbedaan ketinggian tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap perbedaan nilai MRR. Nilai Ra yang terukur dalam percobaan dengan penambahan udara memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi dari nilai Ra tanpa penambahan udara dengan kecenderungan yang menurun seiring bertambahnya waktu pemesinan.

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Needs of micro product industry is increasing every year so the fabrication technology will need to be increased too with biomachining is one of the alternative that is low cost and environtmentally friendly. Oxygen has a big effect for metabolism of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans as biomachining cutting tool. The effect is seen in the difference value of Material Removal Rate in the difference composition of oxygen within the height of work piece's placement.

So this research is done to see how significant that effect by supplying air, with oxygen as its composition, to the process and do the characterization of biomachining process with and without the added air to see the comparison of the effect. The experiment is done with three different heights of work piece's placement and in the room temperature of 23-25°C.

The result shows that there is an effect of adding air to the value of material removal rate with the rise of 350- 400%. The difference of the height of work piece's effect has shown unsignificant effect to the performance of the bacteria. The measured Ra number of added air biomachining has a higher value than the Ra number of non added air with the trend of decreasing along with the increasing of machining time."