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"Sindrom metabolik atau sindrom X merupakan kondisi yang berpotensi meningkatkan risiko seseorang mengalami penyakit tidak menular. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas 2013, prevalensi sindrom metabolik di Indonesia mencapai 39% dan lebih banyak terjadi pada wanita. Gaya hidup berpotensi mempengaruhi terjadinya sindrom metabolik. Namun, penelitian terdahulu tentang hubungan gaya hidup yang meliputi aktivitas fisik, pola makan dan merokok terhadap sindrom metabolik menunjukkan hasil yang beragam. Selain itu, belum ada penelitian tentang sindrom metabolik spesifik pada populasi wanita di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan gaya hidup dengan kejadian sindrom metabolik pada wanita usia ≥15 tahun di Indonesia. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional dengan sumber data dari Riskesdas 2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi sindrom metabolik pada wanita usia ≥15 tahun di Indonesia sebesar 37,6%. Umur berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian sindrom metabolik pada wanita (PR=1,711; 95% CI=1,640-1,785; nilai P=0,001). Dalam penelitian ini, aktivitas fisik, merokok, konsumsi makanan manis, minuman manis, makanan berlemak, soft drink, buah, dan sayur tidak terbukti berhubungan secara statistik dengan sindrom metabolik. Karena tingginya prevalensi sindrom metabolik pada wanita di Indonesia, perlu untuk meningkatkan program skrining, seperti pengukuran lingkar perut, tekanan darah, dan gula darah secara rutin. Selain itu, perlu untuk menerapkan gaya hidup sehat bagi wanita untuk mencegah terjadinya sindrom metabolik.

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Metabolic syndrome or syndrome X is a condition that can increase a person's risk of developing non-communicable diseases. Based on Riskesdas 2013 data, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Indonesia reaches 39% and is more prevalent in women. Lifestyle has the potential to influence the incidence of metabolic syndrome. However, previous research on the relationship between lifestyle including physical activity, diet and smoking on metabolic syndrome has shown mixed results. In addition, there has been no research on specific metabolic syndrome in women in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the relationship between lifestyle and the incidence of metabolic syndrome in women aged ≥15 years in Indonesia. The study design used was cross-sectional with data sources from Riskesdas 2018. The results showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women aged ≥15 years in Indonesia was 37.6%. Age is significantly associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome in women (PR=1.711; 95% CI=1.640-1.785; P=0.001). In this study, physical activity, smoking, consumption of sweet foods, sweet drinks, fatty foods, soft drinks, fruit and vegetables were not statistically proven to be associated with metabolic syndrome. Due to the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among women in Indonesia, it is necessary to improve screening programs, such as routine measurements of abdominal circumference, blood pressure and blood sugar. In addition, it is necessary to adopt a healthy lifestyle for women to prevent metabolic syndrome."

"Latar Belakang: Selain usia, prevalensi sindrom metabolik (SM) dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan tempat tinggal. Perubahan pola asupan makan yang dipengaruhi laju urbanisasi dipercaya memicu terjadinya inflamasi usus. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) merupakan petanda baru yang banyak diteliti dalam inflamasi usus serta penyakit kardiovaskular. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan resistensi insulin (HOMA-IR), sindrom metabolik, dan LCN-2 pada dewasa muda di urban dan rural serta mencari korelasi antara HOMA-IR dan LCN-2. Metode: Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang ini dilakukan tahun 2018-2019 pada 475 mahasiswa berusia 18-20 tahun. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi antropometri, glukosa darah puasa, insulin puasa, profil lipid dan kadar LCN2 serum. Setelah menjalani wawancara dan pemeriksaan fisik, sampel darah disimpan pada suhu khusus (-800C). Pemeriksaan sampel dilakukan pada satu waktu (2020) untuk mengurangi bias hasil akibat perbedaan waktu dan penanganan sampel. LCN2 diperiksa dengan menggunakan Human Lipocalin-2/NGAL DuoSet ELISA dari R&D systems.Hasil Penelitian: Prevalensi SM di daerah urban dan rural berturut-turut adalah 2,8% dan 0,85%. Sementara itu prevalensi obesitas sentral total, di urban dan di rural masing-masing sebesar 15,4%; 23,1%; dan 7.3%. Kelompok urban memiliki HOMA-IR lebih tinggi (0,99 vs 0,78; p<0,001) dibandingkan kelompok rural. Nilai LCN2 lebih rendah di daerah urban bila dibandingkan dengan daerah rural (161,80 ng/mL vs 246,6 ng/ml, p<0,001). Tidak terdapat korelasi antara HOMA-IR dengan LCN2 (r:-0,75, p:0,110).Kesimpulan: Prevalensi SM pada dewasa muda lebih tinggi pada daerah urban bila dibandingkan dengan daerah rural. Prevalensi obesitas sentral lebih tinggi di urban dibandingkan dengan rural. Rerata HOMA-IR di daerah urban lebih tinggi dibandingkan rural. Rerata LCN2 lebih tinggi di rural dibandingkan urban. Tidak terdapat perbedaan nilai LCN2 pada kelompok SM dan kelompok tanpa SM. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara HOMA IR dan LCN2.

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Background/Objective: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome not only influenced by age but also residency area. The alteration of dietary pattern due to urbanization presumed to initiate gut inflammation. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is a novel marker for gut inflammation and also cardiovascular disease. This study aim to compare insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), metabolic syndrome, and LCN-2 level in late adolescent in urban and rural area. Methods Cross sectional study was done during 2018 and 2019, which included 475 colleague students (18-20 years old) in urban and rural. We measured anthropometric parameter, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, lipid profile and LCN2 level. After respondent interview and physical examination, blood sample kept in specific freezer (-800C). The analysis of respondent’s blood sample executed in similar time (2020) to prevent result bias due to the different time of sampling management.

Methods: Cross sectional study was done during 2018 and 2019, which included 475 colleague students (18-20 years old) in urban and rural. We measured anthropometric parameter, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, lipid profile and LCN2 level. After respondent interview and physical examination, blood sample kept in specific freezer (-800C). The analysis of respondent’s blood sample executed in similar time (2020) to prevent result bias due to the different time of sampling management.

Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in urban dan rural were 2.9% and 0.8%. Meanwhile the prevalence of central obesity in total, urban and rural were 15,4%; 23,1%; and 7.3%. Urban group has higher HOMA-IR value than rural group (0.99 vs 0.78; p<0.001). LCN2 value was lower in urban compared with rural area (161.80 ng/mL vs 246.6 ng/mL, p<0.001). There was no correlation between HOMA-IR and LCN2 (r: -0.075. p: 0.110).

Conclusions: The prevalence of MS in late adolescent higher in urban compare with rural area. Central obesity prevalence was higher in urban area. HOMA-IR were differed significantly in urban compared with rural in total population and male population. LCN2 value was differed significantly between urban and rural. However, LCN2 was not significantly differed between MS and without MS Group. Furthermore LCN2 and HOMA-IR shows no correlation"

"Latar Belakang. Prevalensi sindrom metabolik (SM) semakin meningkat di daerah ruralIndonesia. Kunci patogenesis SM adalah resistensi insulin yang dapat didiagnosis denganHomeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) dan IndeksTriglyceride/Glucose (TyG). Hingga saat ini, belum ada nilai titik potong optimal untukindeks tersebut di Indonesia.Metode. Sebanyak 1300 subjek orang dewasa berusia 18-60 tahun dari studi Sugarspin diNangapanda, Flores, Indonesia dibagi menjadi dua grup berdasarkan jenis kelamin.Penentuan nilai titik potong HOMA-IR dan Indeks TyG pada setiap grup dilakukan dengankalkulasi persentil 75 (p75) dan 90 (p90) pada populasi sehat dan dengan metode receiveroperating characteristics (ROC) pada populasi SM dan non-SM. Korelasi antara HOMAIRdan Indeks TyG dinilai dengan korelasi Spearman pada subjek laki-laki dan perempuan.Hasil. Berdasarkan kedua metode, titik potong HOMA-IR dan Indeks TyG berbeda-bedaantara laki-laki dan perempuan. Nilai titik potong HOMA-IR berdasarkan persentil padalaki-laki sehat adalah 0,9 (p75) dan 1,242 (p90); sedangkan pada perempuan adalah 1,208(p75) dan 1,656 (p90). Berdasarkan ROC, titik potong HOMA-IR antara populasi SM dannon-SM pada laki-laki adalah 1,185 dan pada perempuan adalah 1,505. Nilai titik potongIndeks TyG pada laki-laki sehat adalah 8,590 (p75) dan 8,702 (p90); sedangkan padaperempuan adalah 8,448 (p75) dan 8,617 (p90). Berdasarkan ROC, titik potong Indeks TyGadalah 8,905 untuk laki-laki dan 8,695 untuk perempuan. Koefisien korelasi HOMA-IRdan Indeks TyG ialah 0,39 pada laki-laki dan 0,36 pada perempuan.Kesimpulan. Nilai titik potong HOMA-IR untuk resistensi insulin pada laki-laki adalah0,9 (p75), 1,242 (p90), dan 1,185 (ROC); pada perempuan adalah 1,208 (p75), 1,656 (p90),dan 1,505 (ROC). Nilai titik potong Indeks TyG pada laki-laki adalah 8,59 (p75), 8,702(p90), dan 8,905 (ROC); pada perempuan adalah 8,448 (p75), 8,617 (p90), dan 8,695(ROC). Didapatkan hasil korelasi yang lemah antara HOMA-IR dan Indeks TyG.

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Background. Metabolic Syndrome (MS) prevalence is increasing in Indonesia's rural area.

The key pathogenetic mechanism of MS is insulin resistance which can be diagnosed by

Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and

Triglyceride/Glucose (TyG) Index. There are no predefined cut-offs for these indexes in

Indonesia.

Methods. As many as 1300 adults aged 18-60 years from Sugarspin study in Nangapanda,

Flores, Indonesia were divided into different groups based on sex. We determined the cutoff

points of HOMA-IR and TyG Index in each group by calculation of the 75th (p75) and

90th percentiles (p90) in healthy subjects and by receiver operating characteristics (ROC)

analysis of MS and non-MS subjects. Correlation between HOMA-IR and TyG Index was

performed in both sexes by Spearman's correlation.

Results. Using both methods, HOMA-IR and TyG Index cut-offs were different between

males and females. The HOMA-IR cut-offs for healthy males were 0.9 (p75) and 1.242

(p90); for healthy females were 1.208 (p75) and 1.656 (p90). By ROC, the HOMA-IR cutoff

for males was 1.185 and for females was 1.505. The TyG Index cut-offs for healthy

males were 8.590 (p75) and 8.702 (p90); for healthy females were 8.448 (p75) and 8.617

(p90). The TyG Index ROC cut-offs were 8.905 for males and 8.695 for females. The

correlation coefficients between HOMA-IR and TyG Index were 0.39 for males and 0.36

for females.

Conclusion. The HOMA-IR cut-offs for males were 0.9 (p75), 1.242 (p90), and 1.185

(ROC); for females were 1.208 (p75), 1.656 (p90), and 1.505 (ROC). The TyG Index cutoffs

for males were 8.590 (p75), 8.702 (p90), and 8.905 (ROC); for females were 8.448

(p75), 8.617 (p90), and 8.695 (ROC). The correlation between HOMA-IR and TyG Index

was weak."

"Sindrom metabolik merupakan kumpulan abnormalitas metabolik dengan karakteristik obesitas abdominal, dislipidemia aterogenik, peningkatan tekanan darah, dan resistensi insulin disertai intoleransi glukosa. Metode induksi diet tinggi lemak dan streptozotosin dosis rendah berpotensi membentuk model hewan sindrom metabolik namun pengaruh terhadap parameter antropometri masih perlu diamati. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi diet tinggi lemak dan streptozotosin serta variasi dosis streptozotosin terhadap parameter antropometri. Sebanyak 32 tikus Wistar dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal, diet tinggi lemak-streptozotosin 25 mg/kg, diet tinggi lemak-streptozotosin 35 mg/kg, dan diet tinggi lemak-streptozotosin 45 mg/kg. Pemberian induksi diet tinggi lemak dilakukan selama 49 hari dengan induksi streptozotosin dilakukan pada hari ke-28 secara intraperitoneal. Hasil menunjukkan pemberian diet tinggi lemak selama 27 hari dapat meningkatkan berat badan, lingkar perut, BMI, Lee index. Pasca pemberian streptozotosin, terjadi penurunan BMI, Lee index dan lingkar perut namun berat badan tetap meningkat hingga akhir penelitian. Kelompok yang diberi dosis 25 mg/kg memiliki peningkatan berat badan yang lebih tinggi serta penurunan lingkar perut, BMI, dan Lee index yang lebih besar dibanding kelompok dosis 35 mg/kg. Streptozotosin dosis 45 mg/kg menyebabkan kematian hewan uji sebesar 87,5%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian diet tinggi lemak selama 28 hari dapat meningkatkan parameter antropometri sedangkan pemberian streptozotosin diikuti pemberian diet tinggi lemak menurunkan parameter antropometri kecuali berat badan. Evaluasi lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk pengembangan model hewan sindrom metabolik.

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Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities with abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, increase blood pressure, and insulin resistance with glucose intolerance. A combination of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin has the potential to become animal model of metabolic syndrome; however, the effect on anthropometric parameter need to be further evaluated. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin and dosage variation of streptozotocin to anthropometric parameter. A total of 32 Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normal, high-fat diet and streptozotocin 25 mg/kg, high-fat diet and streptozotocin 35 mg/kg, and high-fat diet and streptozotocin 45 mg/kg. High-fat diet was given for 49 days with injection of streptozotocin on day 28.

The results of this study exhibited high-fat feeding for 27 days could increased body weight, abdominal circumference, BMI, Lee index. After streptozotocin injection, there was reduction in weight gain, abdominal circumference, BMI, and Lee index but body weight still increased until the end of this study. Animal group given 25 mg/kg streptozotocin gained weight and reduced abdominal circumference, BMI, and Lee index more than group given 35 mg/kg streptozotocin. Streptozotocin dosage 45 mg/kg caused death on 87.5% animals population. This study conclude high-fat diet feeding for 28 days could increased anthropometric parameter. However, streptozotocin injection followed by high-fat diet feeding could decreased anthropometric parameter except body weight. Further examination needed to develop metabolic syndrome animal model."