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"Kematian ibu dapat disebabkan oleh komplikasi, baik saat kehamilan maupun saat persalinan. Asuhan antenatal apabila dilakukan secara rutin dapat menurunkan risiko terjadinya komplikasi tersebut. Pada era Pandemi COVID-19 terjadi peningkatan kematian ibu dan penurunan asuhan antenatal yang dilakukan. Sehingga perlu dilihat apakah ada hubungan antara asuhan antenatal dengan kematian ibu sebelum dan sesudah era pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian dengan desain cross-sectional menggunakan data rekam medis ibu meninggal pada tahun 2018-2021 di Kota Depok yang ditelaah kunjungan antenatal yang dilakukap sebanyak 24 sampel (22 sampel 2020-2021 dan 2 sampel 2018-2019). Analisis bivariat yang digunakan adalah uji chi square dan uji fisher exact test. Analisis bivariat menunjukan tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan antara frekuensi kunjungan antenatal dengan kematian ibu sebelum dan saat era pandemi COVID-19 dengan keterangan risk ratio sebagai berikut: Tidak melakukan ANC (p-value = 0.308, RR = 1.333 (CI 95% 0.757-2.348) dan ANC tidak rutin (p-value = 1.000, RR = 1.10 (CI 95% 0.913-1.326). Tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara kematian ibu pada era sebelum dan saat pandemi COVID-19 dengan frekuensi kunjugan antenatal di Kota Depok.

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Maternal death or maternal mortality can be caused by complication during pregnancy or delivery. Antenatal care, if done regularly, can reduce the risk of these complications. In COVID-19 Pandemic Era, there was an increase on maternal mortality and a decrease on antenatal care frequency. So, it is necessary to see whether there is a relationship between antenatal care and maternal mortality before and after the COVID-19 pandemic era. This research is conducted using cross-sectional study of 24 sample (22 during pandemic and 2 before pandemic) collected from clinical record data of death mother at Depok City in 2018-2021). Bivariat analysis is done using chi square test and fisher exact test. Bivariat analysis showed that there were no significant association between antenatal care frequency with the case of maternal mortality before and during COVID-19 Pandemic era, which is shown in the risk ratio: did not do ANC (p-value = 0.308, RR = 1.333 (CI 95% 0.757-2.348) and irregular ANC (p-value = 1.000, RR = 1.10 (CI 95% 0.913-1.326).There were no significant association between antenatalcare frequency with the case of maternal mortality before and during COVID-19 Pandemic era."

"Latar belakang: Angka kematian ibu di Indonesia masih tinggi, yaitu 305 kematian per 100.000 persalinan hidup. Asuhan antenatal adalah salah satu upaya penting untuk mencegah kematian maternal, tetapi harus dilakukan asuhan yang berkualitas.Tujuan: 1 Menentukan kualitas asuhan antenatal pada kasus dengan kematian maternal di RSCM. 2 Menentukan sebaran sebab kematian maternal di RSCM.Metode: Dilakukan telaah retrospektif rekam medis pada kasus kematian maternal di RSCM tahun 2008-2016, untuk menentukan sebaran sebab kematian serta Fasyankes yang merujuk. Setelah diidentifikasi Fasyankes yang merujuk dan merupakan tempat pasien menjalani asuhan antenatal, dilakukan survei potong lintang pada Fasyankes tersebut. Pada kunjungan Fasyankes, dilakukan pengambilan data kuantitatif dengan daftar tilik kelengkapan komponen asuhan antenatal, serta pengambilan data kualitatif dengan panduan wawancara.Hasil: Kelengkapan komponen asuhan antenatal di Fasyankes asal kasus dengan kasus kematian maternal di RSCM baik, yaitu 84-100. Akan tetapi, pelaksanaan asuhan antenatal di Fasyankes masih kurang baik untuk mengidentifikasi penyakit yang mendasari pre-existing conditions dan mendeteksi dini komplikasi pada kehamilan karena tidak rutin dilakukan pemeriksaan fisik umum pada pasien. Sebab kematian tersering di RSCM adalah sebab obstetri langsung 59.8, dengan preeklamsia-eklamsia sebagai kelompok penyebab tersering 38.9.Kesimpulan: Secara kuantitatif, kelengkapan komponen asuhan antenatal di Fasyankes asal kasus dengan kasus kematian maternal di RSCM baik, tetapi kualitasnya kurang baik untuk mengidentifikasi penyakit yang mendasari pre-existing conditions dan mendeteksi dini komplikasi pada kehamilan.

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Background: Maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is still high 305/100.000 live births despite efforts to decrease maternal deaths. Antenatal care is one of the key components to prevent maternal mortality. While quantity of antenatal care is important, it is also crucial to provide good quality health care.Aim: 1 To determine quality of antenatal care in maternal death cases in RSCM. 2 To determine causes of maternal death in RSCM.Methods: We conducted a retrospective medical record review on maternal death cases in RSCM from 2008 to 2016, to identify causes of maternal death and the referring healthcare facility. We then conducted a cross-sectional survey to the healthcare facility where the patient performed routine antenatal care. We obtained quantitative data using checklists and qualitative data using interview guides.Results: The adequacy of antenatal care components in healthcare facilities that referred maternal death cases in RSCM is good, ranging from 84-100. However, the quality is still lacking to identify pre-existing conditions and to predict pregnancy complications, as general physical examination is not routinely conducted. Direct obstetric deaths are still the leading cause of maternal deaths in RSCM 59.8, with preeclampsia-eclampsia as the most frequent group 38.9.Conclusion: Quantitatively, the components of antenatal care are conducted adequately, however the quality is still lacking to identify pre-existing conditions and to predict pregnancy complications. "

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Sekitar 6-7% kehamilan disertai trauma, yang berkontribusi menyebabkan kematian maternal hingga 46%, namun jarang dibicarakan karena bersifat non-obstetrik. Komplikasi maternal meliputi ketuban pecah, solusio plasenta, cedera organ intraabdomen, perdarahan, terminasi seksio sesarea, bahkan kematian. Morbiditas dan mortalitas janin bahkan dapat terjadi tanpa cedera signifikan pada ibu. Hingga saat ini, belum ada publikasi mengenai trauma pada kehamilan di Indonesia.

 

Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui profil trauma pada kehamilan di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta dan RSUD Dok II Jayapura.

 

Metode: Penelitian bersifat deskriptif observasional. Semua ibu hamil dengan trauma yang memeriksakan dirinya ke RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RSUD Dok II tahun 2016-2018 dimasukkan sebagai subyek penelitian. Data demografis, obstetrik, karakteristik trauma, gejala dan temuan klinis, serta luaran ibu dan janin dianalisa secara deskriptif.

 

Hasil: Didapatkan 100 kasus trauma dari 7130 ibu hamil dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan ISS (Injury Severity Score), 76% subyek termasuk trauma derajat ringan, 20% derajat sedang, dan 4% derajat berat. Tiga mekanisme trauma terbanyak adalah jatuh (61%), kecelakaan lalu lintas (24%), dan kekerasan domestik (9%) dengan jenis trauma kontusio (82%) dan trauma superfisial (60%). Gejala klinis meliputi nyeri abdomen (60%), perdarahan pervaginam (13%), dan ketuban pecah (8%). Didapatkan 1 kasus syok, 2 kasus solusio plasenta, dan 2 kasus gawat janin. Luaran ibu baik, dengan 3% abortus, 3% seksio sesarea, 9% induksi pervaginam, dan 85% konservatif (di mana 91,8% kehamilan berhasil dipertahankan, 7,0% lahir prematur dan 1,2% abortus spontan). Luaran janin menunjukkan 1% lahir mati, 4% abortus, 10% lahir prematur, 7% lahir aterm, dan 78% konservatif.

 

Kesimpulan: Insidens trauma pada kehamilan pada penelitian ini sebesar 1.4%. Sebagian besar subyek termasuk kategori trauma derajat ringan (76%), disebabkan mekanisme jatuh (61%), dengan jenis trauma kontusio (82%) dan klinis nyeri abdomen (60%). Didapatkan 1% kasus syok, 2% solusio plasenta, 2% gawat janin, 4% abortus, dan 1% lahir mati, tanpa adanya mortalitas ibu. ISS (Injury Severity Score) dapat diterapkan untuk menilai derajat trauma ibu hamil, namun tidak menggambarkan luaran ibu maupun janin.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Trauma complicates 6-7% pregnancies and causes up to 46% maternal deaths. Yet, it is rarely taken into consideration because of its non-obstetric origin. Maternal complications include membrane rupture, placental abruption, internal organ injury or hemorrhage, caesarean section termination, even maternal death. Fetal morbidity and mortality can even occur without significant maternal injuries. So far, there is no publication regarding trauma in pregnancy in Indonesia.

 

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the profile of trauma in pregnancy at RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta and RSUD Dok II Jayapura.

 

Methods: This was a descriptive observational study. All pregnant women with trauma went to RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo and RSUD Dok II during 2016-2018 were included. Demographic and obstetrics datas, trauma characteristics, clinical findings, and all maternal and fetal outcomes were analysed.

 

Results: Of all 7130 pregnant women included, there were 100 trauma cases. Using ISS (Injury Severity Score), 76% subjects had mild trauma, 20% moderate trauma, and 4% severe trauma. Three main trauma mechanisms were fall (61%), motor vehicle accidents (24%), and domestic assaults (9%), with contusion (82%) and superficial trauma (60%). Clinical symptoms included abdominal pain (60%), vaginal bleeding (13%), and water broke (8%). There were 1 hypovolemic shock and 2 placental abruption cases, with 2 fetuses showing fetal distress. Maternal outcomes were good; with 3% abortion, 3% caesarean-section, 9% vaginal induction, and 85% conservative cases (of which 91.8% managed to continue the pregnancy, 7.0% had preterm labor, and 1,2% had spontaneous abortion). Fetal outcomes showed 1% stillbirth, 4% abortion, 10% preterm birth, 7% term birth, and 78% conservative pregnancy.

 

Conclusions: Incidence of trauma in pregnancy in this study is 1.4%. Most subjects have mild trauma (76%), caused by fall (61%), presented mostly with contusion (82%) and abdominal pain (60%). We reported no maternal mortality, 1% hypovolemic shock, 2% placental abruption, 2% fetal distress, 4% abortion rate, and 1% stillbirth. ISS can be applied to assess maternal trauma degree, but does not represent maternal or fetal outcomes.

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Pendahuluan: Preeklampsia diketahui sebagai sindrom spesifik kehamilan dan salah satu penyebab tersering kematian ibu. Terdapat dua jenis preeklampsia, awitan lambat dan awitan dini. Akan tetapi, penelitian menujukkan bahwa preeklampsia awitan dini jauh lebih berbahaya untuk ibu dan bayi. Meskipun patogenesis preeklampsia masih belum jelas, insufisiensi plasenta akibat meningkatnya peroksidasi lipid dan invasi trofoblas yang defektif diduga sebagai salah satu faktor pencetus preeklampsia. PPARg, yang berfungsi untuk metabolisme lipid dan diferensiasi sel di plasenta, secara teori dapat mencetuskan preeklampsia apabila aktivasinya berkurang. Dengan demikian, studi ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis secara spesifik ekspresi protein PPARg pada plasenta preeklampsia awitan dini. Selain itu, analisis terhadap ekspresi protein PPARg juga dilakukan berdasarkan kategori karakteristik subjek, yaitu usia ibu dan usia kehamilan.

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif potong lintang. Sebanyak 26 sampel jaringan plasenta dengan usia gestasi ≤ 33 minggu (preeklampsia awitan dini) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Konsentrasi protein PPARg diukur pada homogenat jaringan plasenta dengan menggunakan metode ELISA. Selanjutnya, analisis data dilakukan secara statisik mennggunakan perangkat lunak IBM SPSS Statistics. Varian tes yang digunakan adalah t-test dan Mann-Whitney test untuk perbandingan, serta Pearson dan Spearman untuk tes korelasi.

Hasil: Ekspresi PPARg adalah 3.19±1.13 ng/mg protein; usia ibu 29.65±5.97 tahun; usia gestasi 30.50 (24-33) minggu. Berdasarkan kategori usia ibu, usia <30 tahun mengekspresikan PPARg  sebesar 2.81 (0.60 – 5.71) ng/mg protein, sedangkan usia ≥30 tahun mengekspresikan 3.17 (1.75 – 5.40) ng/mg protein. Pada kategori usia gestasi, usia <30 minggu mengekspresikan PPARg sebanyak 2.86±1.14 ng/mg protein PPARg dan usia ≥30 minggu sebanyak 3.48±1.07 ng/mg protein. Dibandingkan dengan plasenta kehamilan normal (3.52 (1.12 – 12.43) ng/mg protein), plasenta preeklampsia mengekspresikan 2.94 (0.60 – 5.71) ng/mg protein PPARg.

Kesimpulan: Konsentrasi PPARg yang lebih tinggi ditemukan pada wanita berusia ≥30 tahun daripada wanita berusia <30 tahun. Berdasarkan usia gestasi (UG), konsentrasi PPARg pada UG ≥ 30 minggu lebih tinggi dibandingkan UG < 30 minggu. Jika dibandingkan dengan plasenta kehamilan normal, plasenta preeklampsia memiliki konsentrasi PPARg yang lebih rendah.

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Introduction: Preeclampsia is regarded as a specific pregnancy disorder and one of the leading causes of maternal death. There are two types of preeclampsia, late-onset and early-onset. However, evidences have proven that early-onset preeclampsia is associated to deleterious outcomes for both mother and newborns. Though the pathogenesis is still unclear, placental insufficiency due to increased lipid peroxidation and defective trophoblast invasion is thought to be one cause of preeclampsia. PPARg, which functions for lipid metabolism and cell differentiation in placenta, is correlated to preeclampsia once the activation is lessened, theoretically. Thus, this research was intended to analyse protein expression of PPARg, specifically in placenta of early-onset preeclampsia. In addition, the analysis also conducted according to characteristics of the subjects, which are maternal age and gestational age.

Methods: The design of this research was descriptive cross-sectional study. There are 26 samples of placental tissues used with gestational age ≤ 33 weeks (early onset preeclampsia). In form of placental homogenates, protein concentration of PPARg was measured by using ELISA method. Statistical data analyses was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics software by using t-test and Mann-Whitney test for comparison, also Pearson and Spearmen for correlation test. 

Results: The expression of PPARg was 3.19±1.13 ng/mg protein; maternal age 29.65±5.97 years; gestational age 30.50 (24-33) weeks. PPARg expression according to maternal age category is 2.81 (0.60 – 5.71) ng/mg protein in <30 years and 3.17 (1.75 – 5.40) ng/mg protein in ≥30 years. Based on gestational age (GA) group, GA <30 weeks expresses 2.86±1.14 ng/mg protein PPARg, while GA ≥30 weeks shows 3.48±1.07 ng/mg protein PPARg. In comparison to normal placenta (3.52 (1.12 – 12.43) ng/mg protein), preeclamptic placenta expresses  2.94 (0.60 – 5.71) ng/mg protein PPARg.

Conclusion: Distribution of PPARg is established higher in women aged ≥30 years than women aged <30 years. In gestational age ≥30 weeks, the PPARg distribution is also higher compared to gestational age <30 weeks. However, preeclamptic placenta distributes lower amount of PPARg than normal placenta.

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"Kematian ibu yang tinggi di Indonesia dapat dicegah antara lain dengan pelayanan antenatal adekuat dan proses persalinan yang aman. Fakta menunjukkan belum semua ibu hamil dan bersalin mendapatkan pelayanan optimal, walaupun pencatatan dan pelaporan pemerintah menunjukkan capaian yang hampir memenuhi target. Hal ini merupakan cerminan kinerja institusi penyelenggara pelayanan kesehatan ibu (dalam hal ini puskesmas). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pemodelan multilevel determinan kinerja program kesehatan ibu (capaian indikator K4 dan PN) pada tingkat puskesmas di Indonesia, dan opsi kebijakan yang dapat diterapkan sebagai upaya meningkatkan capaian program tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metoda kombinasi, cross-sectional pada tahap pengembangan model konfirmatif, dan kualitatif-explanatory pada tahap eksplorasi masalah. Sampel berjumlah 2002 ibu batita, diperoleh dari data sekunder hasil Studi Analisis Capaian Indikator Renstra Program Gizi dan KIA 2012 di 8 provinsi, 16 kabupaten/kota, 64 puskesmas, 128 desa terpilih di Indonesia. Selain itu juga digunakan data set puskesmas dan desa. Informan pada tahap dua adalah pemangku kepentingan terkait program kesehatan ibu baik di tingkat puskesmas, kabupaten/kota, maupun tingkat pusat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa kepuasan ibu terhadap pelayanan antenatal sebelumnya mempunyai kontribusi paling besar terhadap kinerja K4, sementara perencanaan mempunyai kontribusi paling besar pada kinerja PN, dan kemampuan sistem informasi berkontribusi paling besar terhadap kinerja PNfaskes, setelah dikontrol variabel lainnya. Oleh karena itu perlu menjadi perhatian serius oleh jajaran Kementerian Kesehatan RI dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya. Disarankan kepada Kementerian Kesehatan RI, dinas kesehatan kabupaten/kota, dan puskesmas untuk melakukan intensifikasi promosi kesehatan, menjadikan upaya fokus pada pelanggan sebagai upaya kesehatan masyarakat pengembangan di puskesmas, pemenuhan kebutuhan tenaga dan sarana pelayanan antenatal dan persalinan di daerah terpencil, meningkatkan kapasitas perencanaan dan penguatan kemampuan sistem informasi program kesehatan ibu.

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Maternal deaths can be prevented with adequate antenatal and delivery care. Evidence suggests that not all women received optimal services during her pregnancy and delivery, although based on recording and reporting system, its shows that government achieved the performance’s targets. This is a reflection of the health care provider performance (in this case is Puskesmas/ health center). The study aimed to seek a multilevel model of maternal health program performance determinants (performance indicators K4 and PN) at the primary care level in Indonesia, and the policy options that can be implemented as an effort to improve the performance of the program. The study used Mix Methods with cross sectional design; a quantitative approach was used to develop confirmatory model, and qualitative exploratory (to explore the problems). The sample was obtained from secondary data from “Indicators Achievement of Program Nutrition and MCH Strategic Plan 2012 in 8 provinces” survey, which has 2002 toddler's mother as a sample from 16 districts/cities, 64 health centers, and 128 selected villages in Indonesia. The analysis also includes dataset from Puskesmas and villages. Informant for qualitative study was from relevant stakeholders of maternal health programs both at the health centers, district/city, as well as the central level. The results showed that satisfaction on previous antenatal care have contributed most to the performance of K4, while planning has contributed most to the performance of PN, and the ability of information systems contribute most to the performance of PN-faskes, after controlling other variables. Recommendation for Ministry of Health, District Health Office, and Puskesmas is to intensify health promotion, focus on customer as a public health efforts in the health centers, making sure availability of health workers and services for prenatal and delivery care in remote areas, improve planning capacity and strengthent capability of maternal health information systems."