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"Pada tahun 2017, COP CBD menetapkan 4 kawasan laut Indonesia sebagai Kawasan Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) yaitu Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion, Raja Ampat and Northern Bird’s Head, Southern Straits of Malacca, dan Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast. Tujuan dari diadopsinya EBSAs adalah untuk berfokus pada upaya pengeloaan dan konservasi ekosistem laut. Penetapan Kawasan EBSAs ini seharusnya disambut baik oleh Pemerintah Indonesia terutama karena komitmennya dalam mensinergikan pengelolaan kawasan laut dengan mengedepankan aspek lingkungan hidup. Namun, pembangunan PLTU di Teluk Sepang yang merupakan kawasan EBSA Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast mendapatkan ijin sehingga terdapat gugatan Warga Teluk Sepang Bengkulu terhadap Gubernur Bengkulu atas pembangunan tersebut. Penelitian dengan metode yuridis normatif ini berkesimpulan bahwa pengelolaan kawasan laut Indonesia yang ditetapkan sebagai kawasan EBSAs diatur melalui PP 32 Tahun 2019 dan PP Nomor 21 Tahun 2021, namun pengaturan pengelolaan kawasan EBSAs tersebut belum memadai. Hingga saat penelitian ini dilakukan, hanya Kawasan EBSA Raja Ampat yang telah memiliki kepastian hukum sebagai kawasan konservasi. Penerapan Kebijakan pengelolaan kawasan laut Indonesia yang ditetapkan sebagai Kawasan EBSAs masih lemah. Putusan Hakim hanya menyandarkan pada kerugian faktual sebagai syarat adanya kepentingan sehingga hakim belum menilai pokok perkara. Apabila hakim mempertimbangkan sampai pada pokok perkara, penelitian ini menyarankan hakim untuk mempertimbangkan EBSA sebagai soft law sebagai dasar pertimbangan hukum dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap Kawasan EBSA tersebut.

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In 2017, COP CBD designated 4 Indonesian marine areas as Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) namely Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion, Raja Ampat and Northern Bird's Head, Southern Straits of Malacca, and Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast. The adoption of EBSAs is to focus on efforts to manage and conserve marine ecosystems. The determination of the EBSAs area should be welcomed by the Government of Indonesia, especially because of Indonesia’s commitment to synergize the management of marine areas by prioritizing environmental aspects. However, the construction of the PLTU in Sepang Bay, which is in the EBSA Upwelling Zone of the Sumatra-Java Coast area, received a permit so there was a lawsuit from the Bengkulu residents of Sepang Bay against the Bengkulu Governor for the development. By using the normative juridical method, this study concludes that the management of Indonesian marine areas designated as EBSAs was regulated through Government Regulation Number 32 of 2019 and Government Regulation Number 21 of 2021. Management of the EBSAs area through those regulations was not adequate. At the time this study was conducted, only the Raja Ampat EBSA Area had legal certainty as a conservation area. The implementation of policies for managing Indonesian marine areas designated as EBSAs was still weak. The judge's decision only relied on factual losses as a condition of interest so the judge had not assessed the subject matter of the case. This study suggests the judge consider EBSA as a soft law as the basis for legal considerations in providing protection for the EBSA Area when the judge considers getting to the point of the case"

"Summary:Despite the benefits that PSSA designation can deliver, the practice, both within the IMO and by individual member States, has considerably undermined confidence in this concept. This book focuses on the events within the IMO that have led to this lack of confidence. It offers an examination of coastal State practice with the PSSA concept"

"ABSTRAKAreas beyond national jurisdiction ABNJ adalah sebuah konsep terkait sebuah kawasan yang telah diakui secara universal. Konsep ini pun telah menjadi topik pembahasan pada masyarakat internasional semenjak tahun 2004 karena kawasan ini mencakup 64 laut yang mengandung ekosistem yang kaya akan biodiversitas yang berharga. Pada waktu UNCLOS masih dalam tahap perancangan, aktivitas eksplorasi dan eksploitasi di ABNJ merupakan sebuah tantangan pada sasat itu. Sehingga UNCLOS pun tidak mengandung ketentuan terkait aktivitas di ABNJ meskipun pengetahuan dan teknologi manusia telah berkembang pesat. Melihat hal ini, pembentukan sebuah peraturan pelaksana yang berdasarkan UNCLOS adalah sebuah urgensi, khususnya yang mengatur pemanfaatan ABNJ secara berkelanjutan agar biodiversitas yang ada di ABNJ terjaga secara berhati-hati dan sebaik-baiknya. Mengingat prinsip-prinsip, peraturan dan institusi yang sudah ada dan diberlakukan di ABNJ, maka sangat direkomendasikan untuk peraturan pelaksana yang hendak di rancang tidak mengandung ketentuan yang tumpang tindih dan dapat mengembangkan lebih jauh peran institusi yang ada. Sebagai negara yang memiliki kepentingan di ABNJ, penting untuk Indonesia dalam berperan pada proses perancangan rezim baru ini. Sehingga perlu untuk dikaji lebih jauh mengenai sejauh apa langkah yang dapat dilaksanakan oleh Indonesia baik di laut bebas dan the area.

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ABSTRACTAreas beyond national jurisdiction ABNJ is a concept of an area that has been universally acknowledged. It has become topic within the international community since 2004 because it contains 64 of of the ocean consisting ecosystem with rich and valuable biodiversities to mankind. Referring to the establishment of UNCLOS, the exploration and exploitation within ABNJ was a challenge at the time. Therefore, the UNCLOS seemed to be lacking in regulatory and governance towards activities in ABNJ, specifically in this particular time where technology and human knowledge have advanced. This comes an urgent need for an implementing agreement under UNCLOS, specifically address the use of ABNJ in a sustainable way to ensure that the biodiversities within ABNJ will be maintained carefully and properly. Since there are already principles that uphold the areas of ABNJ and also few existing regulations and institutions, its highly recommended that the new implementation agreement shall not contain any overlapping provisions and to also further evolve the role of institution. Indonesia, as an archipelagic state have continuously been involved in maintaining sustainable use of the ocean, including ABNJ. Therefore requires further studies on the extent of Indonesias role in ABNJ, specifically high seas and The Area. "

"This book provides for the first time a complete review of both the geology and biology of all extant coral areas in the Gulf, the water body between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. In summer, this area is the hottest sea with abundant coral growth on earth and already today exhibits a temperature that is predicted to occur across the topical ocean in 2100. Thus, by studying the Gulf today, much can be learned about tomorrow’s world and the capability of coral reefs to adapt to climatic extremes. This volume provides the most authoritative and up-to-date review of the coral reefs in the Gulf. It can be used as a volume of general reference or as a textbook treating recent coral reefs."