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"The past decade has seen a highly polarized debate concerning the Japanese fiscal system, particularly the role of income tax. Several authors argue that Japanese income tax is grossly unfair to low- and middle-income taxpayers, while others depict it as the most progressive in the industrialized world. Indeed, many critics claim that it is too progressive, and some even denounce it as 'socialist'. What is sorely lacking is an account that places contemporary Japanese taxation, and the larger fiscal system, in a comparative and historical context. That is what this paper offers. We argue that Japan's tax system is neither highly redistributive from the rich to the poor nor vice versa-at least in the traditional way that redistribution is understood in most Westerntax systems. Rather, Japan stands out for the scale of its inter-regional redistribution and the debilitating politico-economic incentives that stem from it."

"Tesis ini membahas faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh bagi pemerintah Jepang, khususnya Kementerian Luar Negeri Jepang untuk menggelar diplomasi kebudayaan dengan menggunakan soft-power di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemerintah Jepang dalam menggunakan kombinasi diplomasi antara kebudayaan tradisional dengan pop, yang sebelum 1990-an tidak diperhatikan, sebagai alat diplomasi untuk mendapatkan kepentingan nasional di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menjelaskan faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal yang mempengaruhi kombinasi diplomasi kebudayaan tradisional dan pop Jepang di Indonesia.

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The focus of this study is to explore cultural diplomacy and soft-power of Japanese government, especially the one of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to understand what factors influenced Japanese government to use not only traditional culture but also pop culture which was not focused before 1990's as diplomacy to reach national interests in Indonesia. In this study, two kinds of factors will be explained, which are external factors and internal factors as factor which influences Japanese government to begin combination of traditional and pop cultural diplomacy in Indonesia."