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"ABSTRAKFenomena globalisasi ekonomi menghantarkan para aktor pelaku hubungan internasional, khususnya negara dan organisasi, ke dalam suatu hubungan yang lebih kompleks khususnya dalam bidang perdagangan internasional. Tindakan negara-negara yang pada awalnya melakukan kerjasama ekonomi dan perdagangan dalam konteks region (wilayah) kini meluas ke region lainnya dan dijewantahkan dalam bentuk perjanjian internasional tentang integrasi ekonomi internasional. Dalam hal ini, organisasi internasional sebagai wadah perserikatan negara-negara dalam suatu region kerap mengambil bagian dalam proses pengikatan diri dalam perjanjian internasional tentang integrasi ekonomi. Adapun mekanisme pengikatan diri dan pemberlakuan perjanjian ini kepada negara-negara anggota organisasi bergantung pada bagaimana anggaran dasar dan peraturan internal organisasi mengaturnya, termasuk mengenai pengaturan kapasitas siapa yang tampil untuk mengikatkan diri dengan pihak ketiga. Dalam ASEAN sendiri, komitmen mengenai pelaksanaan integrasi ekonomi dalam skala global telah menjadi komitmen yang diambil oleh negara-negara anggota ASEAN dalam cetak biru Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN. Pengikatan diri dengan pihak ketiga terkait dengan integrasi ekonomi ini dilakukan ASEAN sebagai wujud kolektif negara-negara anggota yang berarti setiap negara anggota mewakili negaranya masing-masing dalam perjanjian multilateral. Indonesia selaku negara anggota ASEAN telah berkomitmen untuk turut dalam integrasi ekonomi yang dilakukan ASEAN dengan pihak ketiga. Dalam skripsi ini akan dijelaskan mengenai tantangan bagi Indonesia dalam melakukan hal tersebut, khususnya dari tinjauan hukum nasional Indonesia.

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ABSTRACT

The phenomenon of economic globalization has brought actors in international relations, especially states and organizations, into a more complex relationship in the field of international trade. The actions of states cooperation in economy and trade in the region are now extended to other regions and it is concluded in the form of international agreements on international economic integration. In this case, international organizations as a union of states take part in the process of concluding international agreements on economic integration. The mechanism of concluding and implementing this agreement to the member states depends on how the constitution and internal regulations of the organization regulate, including the regulation of the capacity to represent to bind themselves with third parties. Within ASEAN itself, the implementation of economic integration on a global level have become a commitment taken by ASEAN member states in the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint. Concluding the agreement with third parties related to economic integration is carried out by ASEAN as a collective noun of member states, meaning that each member states represents their respective territorial in multilateral agreements. Indonesia as an ASEAN member state has committed to participate in economic integration carried out by ASEAN with third parties. This thesis will explain the challenges for Indonesia in implementing the agreement, particularly from the point of view of Indonesia's national law."

"ABSTRACTClimate change has become an issue that is increasingly raising concerns. Scientific studies have portrayed the possible detrimental effects it could have towards human life. Consequentially, governments have started to regulate and implement measures in response. States have also convened together and negotiated international legal instruments in order to collectively address climate change. Nevertheless, an issue that remains of concern is compliance. The most recent international legal instrument, which is the Paris Agreement on Climate Change addresses compliance through a Compliance Committee, but limits possible responses in case of non compliance to not include adversarial and punitive responses. This brings the question on how can a State rsquo s citizens ensure that their government indeed complies with obligations and commitments under the climate change regime. In finding the answer to such question, this undergraduate thesis uses the normative juridical method in order to research, then analyse and evaluate a possible solution to the issue of compliance. After using such method, this thesis concludes that a possible solution is to use climate change litigation as a venue to hold governments accountable to their international, as well as national obligations. This is possible in Indonesia through Citizen Lawsuits. Nevertheless, there are external factors that may affect the success of cases, including the time needed for the central or regional government to adhere to court decisions, and how the resulting measure will be implemented and supervised. Therefore, it is suggested for further research to be conducted in order to understand the possibilities of climate change litigation.

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ABSTRAKPerubahan iklim telah menjadi isu yang semakin meningkatkan kekhawatiran. Studi ilmiah telah menggambarkan dampak merugikan yang mungkin terjadi terhadap kehidupan manusia, jika persoalan perubahan iklim tidak ditangani dengan benar. Akibtanya, pemerintahan berbagai negara telah mulai mengatur dan menerapkan langkah-langkah mitigasi dan adaptasi. Negara-negara juga telah menegosiasikan instrumen hukum internasional untuk bersama-sama menangani persoalan perubahan iklim. Namun demikian, masalah yang masih menjadi perhatian adalah kepatuhan. Instrumen hukum internasional terbaru, yaitu Paris Agreement on Climate Change telah membahas persoalan kepatuhan melalui diaturnya sebuah Komite Kepatuhan. Tetapi terdapat pembatasan terhadap tanggapan yang mungkin diberi oleh Komite Kepatuhan jika terdapat ketidakpatuhan terhadap Paris Agreement, yakni, tidak boleh bersifat adversarial dan punitif. Hal tersebut menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang bagaimana warga negara dapat memastikan bahwa pemerintahannya mematuhi kewajiban dan komitmen di bawah rezim perubahan iklim. Dalam menemukan jawaban untuk pertanyaan tersebut, riset skripsi ini menggunakan metode normatf yuridis untuk meriset, lalu menganalisis dan mengevaluasi solusi yang mungkin diterapkan terhadap masalah kepatuhan Negara. Dengan menggunakan metode tersebut, tesis ini menyimpulkan bahwa solusi yang mungkin adalah menggunakan litigasi perubahan iklim sebagai tempat untuk meminta pertanggungjawaban pemerintah terhadap kewajiban internasional, serta kewajiban nasional mereka. Hal ini dimungkinkan di Indonesia melalui Tuntutan Warga. Namun demikian, ada faktor eksternal yang dapat mempengaruhi keberhasilan kasus, termasuk waktu yang diperlukan bagi pemerintah pusat atau daerah untuk mematuhi keputusan pengadilan, dan bagaimana ukuran yang dihasilkan akan dilaksanakan dan diawasi. Oleh karena itu, disarankan supaya riset lebih lanjut mengenai kemungkinan-kemungkinan dan akibat terkait litigasi perubahan iklim untuk dilaksanakan oleh pihak berkepentingan."

""This collection of essays focusses on the following concepts: sovereignty (the unique, intangible and yet essential characteristic of States), statehood (what it means to be a State, and the process of acquiring or losing statehood) and State responsibility (the legal component of what being a State entails). The unifying theme is that they have always been and will in the future continue to form a crucial part of the foundations of public international law. While many publications focus on new actors in international law such as international organisations, individuals, companies, NGOs and even humanity as a whole, this book offers a timely, thought-provoking and innovative reappraisal of the core actors on the international stage: States. It includes reflections on the interactions between States and non-state actors and on how increasing participation by and recognition of the latter within international law has impacted upon the role and attributes of statehood"--"

"Annexed to GA Resolution 56/​83 of 2001, the International Law Commission's Articles on Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts put the international law of responsibility on a sound footing. As Special Rapporteur for the second reading, James Crawford helped steer it to a successful conclusion. With this book, he provides a detailed analysis of the general law of international responsibility and the place of state responsibility in particular within that framework. It serves as a companion to The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and is essential reading for scholars and practitioners concerned with issues of international responsibility, whether they arise in interstate relations, in the context of arbitration or litigation, or in bringing international claims."