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ABSTRACTObjective of the study to identify Social and drug related factors associated with injecting drug use among drug users? in Jakarta. Method the design of the study was cross sectional total respondents were 135 drug users (72 IDUs and 63 None-IDUs) personal, family Social factors, and drug related factors are included in the analysis. Result Multivariate analysis showed that student are at low risk (AOR=0.09) of using injection than those who are working, also those whose family don?t know about his/her drug using habit are at low risk (AOR=0.07) of injection than those whose family member aware, and those who use tranquilizer as first drug are at higher risk (AOR=3.89) of using injection than who use marijuana. Conclusion Primary prevention activities focusing on improving social conditions, controlling black market of tranquilizers and improving family knowledge and skills to detect drug use in family as early as possible would help drug users to prevent them from indulging in injecting drug use, according to this study job, family and type of drug should be considered in the designing and planning of addicts? treatment and harm reduction activities."

"The aim of this study was to examine methadone maintenance program pilot project in Indonesia. With prospective cohort study design, one hundred one participants were recruited. Study was condected in two sites , the Drug Dependence Hospital (RSKO) Jakarta and Sanglah Hospital , Bali...."

"Jumlah penderita HIV/AIDS semakin bertambah di Indonesia. Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup penderita, karena dapat memperbaiki status imunitas yang ditandai dengan kenaikan limfosit-CD4. Tujuan penelitian: menilai peningkatan CD4 dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya pada Injecting Drug Users (IDU) dan non-IDU penderita HIV/AIDS. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder Klinik Teratai RSUP Dr.Hasan Sadikin Bandung, tahun 2007-2009. Data lengkap berasal dari 198 subjek (161 IDU, 37 non-IDU). Data dianalisis dengan Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, General linear model (GLM) dan Generalized estimating equations (GEE). Analisis GEE memungkinkan evaluasi peningkatan CD4 pada pengukuran berulang pada kelompok kohort yang mendapat ART. Hasil penelitian: secara keseluruhan antara kelompok IDU dan non-IDU (between group) perbedaan peningkatan CD4 tidak bermakna (P=0,230); pada Fase II (bulan ke 6-12) peningkatannya berbeda bermakna (P=0,016); dibandingkan Fase I (bulan ke 0-6) yang tidak berbeda bermakna (P=0,077). Faktor-faktor: Waktu, total lymphocyte count (TLC) dan CD4-awal berpengaruh bermakna; sedangkan umur, IDU, viral load (VL), body mass index (BMI), Hemoglobin, ko-infeksi Hepatitis B dan/C, Pengobatan Tuberkulosis dan Stadium HIV merupakan perancu (konfounder). Jenis kelamin pengaruhnya tidak bermakna. Saran: penelitian dilanjutkan dengan penambahan jumlah subjek Non-IDU, waktu pengamatan sampai 3 tahun untuk melihat pengaruh jangka panjang ART, serta menambah upaya menghentikan penggunaan narkoba suntik.

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New cases of HIV/AIDS infection are still increased in Indonesia nowadays. Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) can give better quality of life for HIV/AIDS patients by improving the immune status which can be detected by the increase of CD4 count.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the increase of CD4, and factors which influence it, between Injecting Drug Users (IDU) and non-IDU with HIV/AIDS infection. This study used secondary data from Klinik Teratai RSUP Dr.Hasan Sadikin Bandung at 2007-2009. Complete data was taken from 198 subjects (161 IDUs, and 37 Non-IDUs). Data was analyzed by Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, General linear model (GLM), and Generalized estimating equations (GEE); GEE provides an analysis of repeated measures of outcomes from these ART cohort groups.

Results: overall, between IDUs and non-IDUs, there was insignificant CD4 increase (Pvalue = 0,230). Non-IDUs showed better CD4 increase; the difference was statistically significant in Phase II (0-6th month) with Pvalue = 0.016, but not significant in Phase I (6-12th month) with Pvalue = 0.077. Factors that significantly influenced CD4 increase were Time, total lymphocyte count (TLC), and baseline CD4; whereas Age, IDU, viral load (VL), Hemoglobine, body mass index (BMI), Hepatitis B and/C co-infections, Tuberculous therapy, HIV-stages were roled as confounders. Gender did not give any influence.

Further study was needed with equal subject numbers of Non-IDU, longer observation time up to 3 years to observe long-term effect of ART, and more efforts in reducing numbers of IDUs."