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"Hydrodynamic charactersitic for the mixing of gas-solid-liquid in membrane bioreactor submerged (MBRs) and its influence on mass transfer was studied computationally at various solid concentration, incoming gas rate and the befle distance

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"Mathemathical simulations on dam break or failure using BOSS DAMBRK hydrodynamic flood routing dam break model were carried out to determine the extent of flooding downstream,flood travel times flood water velocities and impacts on downstream affected residences, properties and environmental sensitive areas due to floodwaters released by failure or them dam structure...."

"Telah dilaporkan bahwa kinerja pengolahan di kolam fakultatif di Instalasi Pengolahan Air Kotor (IPAK) Bojongsoang adalah tidak stabil. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah karakteristik hidrodinamika yang tidak sesuai dengan criteria. Yang termasuk dalam karakteristik hidrodinamika yang tidak tepat antara lain kehadiran daerah mati, aliran pendek, dan turbulensi oleh arus eddy. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh variasi debit influen terhadap karakteristik hidrodinamika menggunakan model matematis. Model hidrodinamika dua dimensi dibangun dari dua persamaan hidrodinamika, yaitu persamaan kontinuitas dan persamaan momentum. Kedua persamaan diselesaikan dengan metoda numerik beda hingga semi implisit (Crank-Nicolson). Dari hasil simulasi, dianalisa nilai bilangan Froude aliran serta waktu tinggal efektif dan luas efektif kolam fakultatif untuk melihat kehadiran daerah mati.Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa daerah mati terdapat di tengah kolam. Apabila debit influen semakin besar, waktu tinggal efektif dan luas efektif semakin besar. Selain itu, distribusi nilai bilangan Froude menunjukkan bahwa nilai 10-10 semakin berkurang bila debit influen semakin besar. Dapat dikatakan bahwa daerah mati akan berkurang pada debit influen yang lebih besar. Dengan demikian debit influen yang semakin besar akan memperbaiki karakteristik hidrodinamika di kolam fakultatif.

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The Effects of Influent Debit on Hydrodynamic Characteristic of Bojongsoang Facultative Pond: Without Wind Effects. The performance of facultative pond in Bojongsoang WWTP have reported to be unstable. One of the cause of the unstable performance is the hydrodynamic characteristics that not met the criterion. The improper hydrodynamic characteristics are included the existence of dead-zone, the short-circuiting, and the turbulence due to eddy current. The study was to analyze the effect of the influent debit variation on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the pond using mathematical model. The two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was built from two hydrodynamic equations which are continuity and momentum equations. The equations were solved by finite-difference numerical method of semi-implicit (Crank-Nicolson).From the simulation results, the Froude number of the water flow was analyzed. Beside that, the effective residence time and the effective area were calculated. All of them were done to analyzed the existence of the dead-zone in the pond. The simulation results show that the dead-zone was exist in the center of the pond. when the influent debit was larger, the effective residence time and the effective area become larger. The distribution of the Froude number value shows that the area with the value of 10-10 become reduced in the larger influent debit. The existence of the dead-zone was reduced since the influent debit become larger. It can be said that the larger influent debit can improve the hydrodynamic characteristics of the pond."

"ABSTRAKThe study assumes that Srinagarind Dam of Kanchanaburi province will be collapsed by overtopping with a final breach of trapezoidal shape due to heavy rainstorm. Subsequently, various forms of demolitions and dynamic flooding are identified using Dam Break and Hydrodynamic models of MIKE 11 by applying the principle of the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). Srinagarind dam is a rock fill dam with it is crest at +185.00 m. from Mean Sea Level (MSL) and store a maximum volume of 17,745 million m3 of water at the beginning of the break. For dynamic flooding prediction, the maximum breach outflow discharge was 11,307 m3/s with a velocity of 5.39 m/s at 62.29 hours after the break. In addition, the maximum discharge, water level and flood duration at cross sections of main rivers are also extracted for flood zone identification into 4 zones which include: at Ban Phu Thong Maeo, Wang Dong Sub-district, Mueang Kanchanaburi district, the discharge is 14,231 m3/s, the maximum water level is +56.56 m. (MSL.) at 68.28 hr. after dam failure. At Ban Nuea, Ban Nuea Sub-district, Mueang Kanchanaburi district, the discharge is 14,081 m3/s and the maximum water level is +41.59 m. (MSL.) at 83.21 hr. after dam failure. At Ban Wang Khanai, Wang Khanai Sub-district, Tha Muang district, the discharge is 13,244 m3/s and the maximum water level is +37.671 m. (MSL.) at 93.24 hr. after dam failure. At Ban Luk Kae, Ban Don Khamin Sub-district, Tha Maka District, the discharge was 12,047 m3/s, the maximum water level is +18.92 m. (MSL.) at 107.26 hours after dam failure. Land use land cover (LULC) types are affected by the flood after the dam-break which would cover an area of 1,172.21 sq.km. (1) Urban and built-up area (City, town, and commercial areas), (2) Paddy field, (3) Field crop, (4) Orchard, (5) Horticulture, (6) Pasture and farm house, (7) Evergreen forest, (8) Deciduous forest, (9) Natural water bodies (10) Reservoir (11) Rangeland, and (12) Mine and pits are included. The most affected LULC is paddy field that covers an area of 331.88 sq.km. (28.32%). The second and third largest affected LULC are rangeland and field crop areas that covered an area of 285.66 sq.km. (24.37%) and 267.02 sq.km. (22.78%). The least affected LULC is a deciduous forest that covers area of 15.49 sq.km. (1.32%)."

"ABSTRAKThe study assumes that Srinagarind Dam of Kanchanaburi province will be collapsed by overtopping with a final breach of trapezoidal shape due to heavy rainstorm. Subsequently, various forms of demolitions and dynamic flooding are identified using Dam Break and Hydrodynamic models of MIKE 11 by applying the principle of the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). Srinagarind dam is a rock fill dam with it is crest at +185.00 m. from Mean Sea Level (MSL) and store a maximum volume of 17,745 million m3 of water at the beginning of the break. For dynamic flooding prediction, the maximum breach outflow discharge was 11,307 m3/s with a velocity of 5.39 m/s at 62.29 hours after the break. In addition, the maximum discharge, water level and flood duration at cross sections of main rivers are also extracted for flood zone identification into 4 zones which include: at Ban Phu Thong Maeo, Wang Dong Sub-district, Mueang Kanchanaburi district, the discharge is 14,231 m3/s, the maximum water level is +56.56 m. (MSL.) at 68.28 hr. after dam failure. At Ban Nuea, Ban Nuea Sub-district, Mueang Kanchanaburi district, the discharge is 14,081 m3/s and the maximum water level is +41.59 m. (MSL.) at 83.21 hr. after dam failure. At Ban Wang Khanai, Wang Khanai Sub-district, Tha Muang district, the discharge is 13,244 m3/s and the maximum water level is +37.671 m. (MSL.) at 93.24 hr. after dam failure. At Ban Luk Kae, Ban Don Khamin Sub-district, Tha Maka District, the discharge was 12,047 m3/s, the maximum water level is +18.92 m. (MSL.) at 107.26 hours after dam failure. Land use land cover (LULC) types are affected by the flood after the dam-break which would cover an area of 1,172.21 sq.km. (1) Urban and built-up area (City, town, and commercial areas), (2) Paddy field, (3) Field crop, (4) Orchard, (5) Horticulture, (6) Pasture and farm house, (7) Evergreen forest, (8) Deciduous forest, (9) Natural water bodies (10) Reservoir (11) Rangeland, and (12) Mine and pits are included. The most affected LULC is paddy field that covers an area of 331.88 sq.km. (28.32%). The second and third largest affected LULC are rangeland and field crop areas that covered an area of 285.66 sq.km. (24.37%) and 267.02 sq.km. (22.78%). The least affected LULC is a deciduous forest that covers area of 15.49 sq.km. (1.32%)."

"Hidrodinamika merupakan sifat dasar dari sistem yang diperlukan untuk mengklasifikasikan sistem unggun terfluidisasi tiga fasa. Parameter-parameter yang termasuk di dalamnya adalah waktu tinggal, hold up dan koefisien dispersi aksial, dimana nilainya diperoleh dari serangkaian percobaan dengan menggunakan metode tracer untuk penentuan waktu tinggal, metode penangkapan gas dan cairan secara simultan untuk penentuan hold up, sedangkan koefisien dispersi aksial diperoleh dari hubungan antara bilangan Peclet dan hold up fasa cair.Teknik untuk menentukan harga waktu tinggal dari kolom fluidisasi G-C-P yaitu dengan cara menginjeksikan bahan kimia yang bersifat inert, yang disebut sebagai tracer, ke dalam kolom pada waktu t = 0 kemudian konsentrasinya diukur pada aliran keluar sebagai timgsi waktu. Metode ini disebut sebagai metode tracer.Sedangkan penelitian dengan menggunakan metode penangkapan gas dan cairan secara simultan melibatkan penutupan katup aliran gas dan cairan yang masuk ke dalam kolom secara serentak, kemudian diukur ketinggian kolom yang terisi oleh tiap fasa Metode ini dilakukan untuk sistem gas-cair-padat dan sistem gas-cair.Dari hasil percobaan diketahui bahwa kecepatan air dan udara serta ukuran diameter partikel mempengaruhi waktu tinggal, hold :gp tiap fasa dan tingkat dispersi dalam aliran. Semakin besar lcecepatan fluida cair maupun gas, maka harga waktu tinggal semakin kecil, dan semakin kecil diameter partikel harga walctu tinggal akan semakin besar_ Kecepatan air yang semakin besar akan menyebabkan hold up cairan meningkat, sedangkan hold :go gas dan padatan akan menunm. Semakin besar kecepatan udara maka hold :go gas dan padatan akan meningkat, sedangkzm hold iq;cairan akan menurun Sedangkan pengaruh diameter partikel rnemherikan hasil semakin besar ukuran diameter partikel maka hold up gas dan cairan akan menumn, sedangkan hold up padatan meningkat. Intensitas dispersi akan meningkat dengan bertambahnya kecepatan udara dan ukuran diameter partikel serta dengan berkurangnya kecepatan cairan."

"Penyediaan air bersih untuk masyarakat merupakan salah satu faktor penting untuk meningkatkan kesehatan lingkungan dan masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan studi hidrodinamika dan menganalisis hasil air olahan dari unit pengolahan air yang menggunakan proses ozonasi gelembung mikro dan filtrasi membran, terutama untuk kandungan besi dan mangan. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa proses ozonasi dan filtrasi mampu menyisihkan logam besi dan mangan dalam air. Persentase penyisihan logam besi dan mangan secara terpisah yang terbaik didapat dengan menggunakan konfigurasi ozonator PVC - membran keramik sebesar 98,64% untuk logam besi dan 45,83% untuk logam mangan. Sedangkan untuk penyisihan logam besi dan mangan secara bersamaan dengan konfigurasi yang sama didapatkan penyisihan logam besi sebesar 98,48 % dan logam mangan sebesar 25 %.

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Provision of clean water to communities is one of the important factors to improve the health of the environment and society. The objective of this research is to study hydrodynamic and analyze the product from water treatment unit which using micro bubbles ozonation and membrane filtration method, especially for iron and manganese removal.

From this research, it was found that the ozonation and filtration process can remove iron and manganese from water. The best percentage removal about 98,64% for iron and 45,83% for manganese in a separate manner is obtain with ozonator PVC ' ceramic membrane configuration. Whereas for iron and manganese removal simultaneously at the same configuration, the percentage removal is about 98,48% for iron and 25% for manganese."

"ABSTRAKTangki silinder beton prategang merupakan pilihan yang terbaik dalam desain tangki saat ini. Tekanan hidrostatis mengakibatkan terjadinya beban aksisimetris pada dinding sehingga desain klasik memerlukan analisis dengan teori cangkang silindris. Dari hasil penelitian dengan memperhitungkan tekanan hidrodinamik terhadap rasio tinggi dengan diameter tangki melalui permodelan dengan menggunakan SAP2000 disimpulkan bahwa rasio 1 : 4 merupakan rasio yang paling ekonomis. Hubungan dinding dan dasar dinding yang dapat bergerak bebas (free sliding) juga menunjukkan perilaku yang paling optimal dibandingkan perletakan lainnya untuk dimensi tangki yang besar. Disamping itu, penggunaan prategang arah melingkar dan vertikal memperkecil kemungkinan terjadinya retak akibat tegangan tarik saat tangki penuh maupun kosong.

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ABSTRACTCylindrical Prestressed Concrete is the best choice of tank design these days. Hydrostatic pressure implies on axissymetrical loading on the tank wall that cylindrical shell analysis should be done for classical design. Considering the hydrodynamic pressure and using SAP2000, this research concludes that the most economical ratio height-diameter of tank is 1 : 4. Free sliding wall base also shows the most optimum behaviour among other base supports on large dimension. At the other side, circular and vertical prestressing decreases the probability of crack due to tension stress when the tank in full or empty condition.;Cylindrical Prestressed Concrete is the best choice of tank design these days. Hydrostatic pressure implies on axissymetrical loading on the tank wall that cylindrical shell analysis should be done for classical design. Considering the hydrodynamic pressure and using SAP2000, this research concludes that the most economical ratio height-diameter of tank is 1 : 4. Free sliding wall base also shows the most optimum behaviour among other base supports on large dimension. At the other side, circular and vertical prestressing decreases the probability of crack due to tension stress when the tank in full or empty condition."

"ABSTRAKLarutan KI 2% digunakan sebagai larutan utama yang dioksidasi untukmenghasilkan iodine sebagai indikator terbentuknya agen pengoksidasi. Jumlahiodine yang terbentuk dianalisa melalui metode analisis titrasi iodometri. Kondisioperasi proses yang paling memengaruhi yakni besar lubang diameter dischargeinjektor dan laju alir sirkulasi. Semakin kecil diameter lubang, efektifitaspembentukan agen pengoksidasi semakin meningkat, pada diameter 4 mmmenghasilkan agen pengoksidasi sebesar 7,188 x 10-5 mol/L, diameter 5 mmmenghasilkan 6,563 x 10-5, dan diameter 6 mm menghasilkan 5,000 x 10-5.Semakin besar laju alir maka cavitation number semakin kecil sehingga proseskavitasi semakin efisien dan pembentukan agen pengoksidasi semakin optimum.

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ABSTRACT2% KI solution is used as the main solution is oxidized to produce iodine as anindicator of the establishment of oxidizing agents. Amount of iodine formed wasanalyzed by iodometric titration method. Operating conditions that most affect theprocess is the hole diameter of the discharge injector and the circulation flow rate.The smaller the diameter of the hole more effectiveness on the establishment ofoxidizing agents increases, the diameter of 4 mm produces oxidizing agents of7.188 x 10-5 mol / L, diameter 5 mm yield 6.563 x 10-5, and a diameter of 6 mmproduces 5.000 x 10-5. The greater the flow rate so that the smaller the cavitationnumber the more efficient the process of cavitation and the formation of theoptimum oxidizing agent."