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"Berkembangnya penggunaan media elektronik sebagai alat bermain mengakibatkan munculnya pergeseran dalam aktivitas dan preferensi bermain anak. Pergeseran tersebut kemudian berimplikasi pada kemungkinan terjadinya perubahan dalam interaksi ibu dengan anak ketika bermain bersama. Salah satu domain dari interaksi ibu-anak yang juga terpengaruh oleh pergeseran aktivitas bermain anak adalah perilaku maternal teaching behavior. Maternal teaching behavior terjadi ketika ibu memiliki intensi dan secara aktif memodifikasi lingkungan atau perilakunya sendiri untuk memastikan bahwa anak menerima dan mempelajari arti dari sebuah pengalaman serta menghubungkannya dengan pengalaman lainnya (Klein, Adi-Japha, dan Rosenthal, 2010). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat apakah terdapat perbedaan antara maternal teaching behavior dalam interaksi ibu dan anak usia prasekolah ketika bermain dengan media elektronik dan non-elektronik. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas 61 pasang ibu dan anaknya yang berada pada kategori usia prasekolah. Terdapat dua alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu PICCOLO (Parent Interactions with Children Checklist of Observation Linked to Outcomes) yang digunakan dalam observasi dan kuesioner untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai pola dan pandangan subjek mengenai bermain. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah bahwa terdapat perbedaan maternal teaching behavior yang signifikan ketika pasangan ibu-anak bermain dengan media elektronik dan non-elektronik, dengan rata-rata skor maternal teaching behavior lebih tinggi ketika bermain dengan media nonelektronik.

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The developing use of electronic media as toys resulted in the alteration of children’s preference in play activity. The alteration of children’s play activity then increase the possibility that there is a changing pattern of mother-child interaction when they were playing together. One of the domains of mother-child interaction that is most likely to be influenced by the changing nature of children’s play activity is maternal teaching behavior. Maternal teaching behavior occurs when mother has the intention and actively modifying her own behavior or the environment around to ensure that children receive and learn the meaning of an experience and relating it to other experiences (Klein, Adi-Japha, and Rosenthal, 2010).

The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is a difference in the maternal teaching behavior of the interaction between mother and her pre-school aged children when playing with electronic and non-electronic media. The subject of this study consisted of 61 pairs of mother and their preschool-aged children. There are two measurement tools used in this study, which are PICCOLO (Parent Interactions with Children Checklist of Observation Linked to Outcomes) that used in the observation and questionnaires to obtain information about the the subject’s play pattern.

The result obtained from this study is that there is a significant difference between maternal teaching behavior when the mother-child pair playing with electronic and non-electronic media, with the average score of maternal teaching behavior when playing with non-electronic media is higher than when the mother-child pair playing with electronic media"

"This book provides a unique discussion of human evolution from a philosophical viewpoint, looking at the facts and interpretations since Charles Darwin?s The Descent of Man. Michael Ruse explores such topics as the nature of scientific theories, the relationships between culture and biology, the problem of progress and the extent to which evolutionary issues pose problems for religious beliefs. He identifies these issues, highlighting the problems for morality in a world governed by natural selection. By taking a philosophical viewpoint, the full ethical and moral dimensions of human evolution are examined. This book engages the reader in a thorough discussion of the issues, appealing to students in philosophy, biology and anthropology."