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"Isu disparitas harga Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) antar wilayah khususnya di Indonesia bagian timur telah menjadi permasalahan lama yang terjadi di Indonesia. Kemudian, Presiden Joko Widodo menemukan masalah ini secara langsung di Papua dan menemukan bahwa minimnya jumlah penyalur menjadi penyebab disparitas harga BBM tersebut. Melihat permasalahan tersebut Presiden Joko Widodo menginstrusikan Kementerian ESDM untuk membuat kebijakan BBM Satu Harga yang kemudian dituangkan dalam Peraturan Menteri ESDMNomor 36 Tahun 2016 tentang Percepatan Pemberlakuan Satu Harga Jenis Bahan Bakar Minyak Tertentu dan Jenis Bahan Bakar Minyak Khusus Penugasan Secara Nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis proses kebijakan BBM Satu Harga menggunakan teori multiple streams framework yang disampaikan oleh Howlett (2018). Pendekatan dalampenelitian ini yaitu post-positivist dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa konsep aliran kebijakan yang disampaikan oleh Howlett (2018) dapat diidentifikasi dalam proses kebijakan BBM Satu Harga. Adapun permasalahan masih ditemukan dalam proses formulasi kebijakan sehingga menimbulkan berbagai masalah pada tahap implementasi kebijakan. Permasalahan tersebut diantaranya yaitu minimnya biaya pendistribusian yang besar, jalur pendistribusian yang sulit dijangkau, penyimpangan pendistribusian, rendahnya minta investor, dan pengawasan yang sulit.

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The issue of disparity in the price of fuel oil (BBM) between regions, especially in eastern Indonesia, has become a longstanding problem in Indonesia. Then, President Joko Widodo discovered this problem directly in Papua and found that the lack of distributors was the cause of the disparity in fuel prices. Seeing this problem, President Joko Widodo instructed the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources to make a one-price fuel policy which was then set forth in the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation. Number 36 of 2016 concerning the Acceleration of the Enforcement of One Price of Certain Types of Fuel Oil and Types of Special Oil Fuels for National Assignment. This study aims to analyze the One Price BBM policy process using the multiple streams framework theory presented by Howlett (2018). Inside approach This research is post-positivist with descriptive research type. The results of this study indicate that the concept of policy flow presented by Howlett (2018) can be identified in the One Price Fuel policy process. The problems are still found in the policy formulation process, causing various problems at the policy implementation stage. These problems include the lack of large distribution costs, distribution channels that are difficult to reach, distribution irregularities, low demand for investors, and difficult supervision."

"Indonesia mengelola berbagai blok migas. Central processing plant PT ABC sebagai fasilitas yang digunakan untuk mengolah hydrocarbon. Risk Based Analysis merupakan metode menghitung risiko terhadap alat pengaman pada PT ABC. Pada penelitian ini, dalam menentukan tingkat kekritisan PSV pada PT ABC menggunakan metode berbasis risiko sesuai standar yang tersedia, yaitu API RP 581. Dengan membandingkan tingkatan resiko sesuai API RP 581 dengan data aktual maintenance terhadap 31 PSV yang diteliti. Hasil distribusi weibull dari 31unit PSV yang diteliti dibagi berdasarkan fluida severity yaitu mild dan moderate didapatkan nilai eta 12.3238 dan beta 3.1504 pada tipe mild dengan nilai R 0.77, selanjutnya pada tipe moderate didapatkan nilai eta 13.8545 dan beta 4.8625 dengan nilai R 0.933 dengan nilai MTTF dari keseluruhan peralatan adalah 8 tahun. Hasil Analisis Risiko untuk 31 PSV masuk dalam kategori Medium dimana terdapat 2 alat PSV yang terpasang pada lokasi OSBL dengan nilai risk kategori 1 C, selanjutnya terdapat 29 alat PSV masuk kedalam kategori risk level yang low. Analisa berdasarkan tingkat fluida severity, didapatkan nilai keandalannya sebesar 77 % dengan analisa tipe mild, sedangkan analisa dengan tipe moderate didapatkan nilai keandalan 93,3% untuk total 31 peralatan PSV yang dijadikan obyek penelitian ini.

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Indonesia manages various oil and gas blocks. PT ABC's central processing plant as a facility used to process hydrocarbons. Risk Based Analysis is a method of calculating the risk to safety devices at PT ABC. In this study, in determining the level of criticality of PSV in PT ABC using a risk-based method according to the available standards, namely API RP 581. By comparing the level of risk according to API RP 581 with the actual maintenance data of the 31 PSVs studied. The results of the weibull distribution of the 31 PSV units studied were divided based on the severity fluid, namely mild and moderate, an eta value of 12.3238 and a beta of 3.1504 were obtained in the mild type with an R value of 0.77, then in the moderate type, an eta value of 13.8545 and a beta of 4.8625 with an R value of 0.933 with an MTTF value of the entire equipment was 8 years. The results of the Risk Analysis for 31 PSVs are included in the Medium category where there are 2 PSV devices installed at the OSBL location with a risk value of category 1 C, then there are 29 PSV tools included in the low level risk category. The analysis based on the fluid severity level obtained a reliability value of 77% with mild type analysis, while the moderate type analysis obtained a reliability value of 93.3% for a total of 31 PSV equipment used as the object of this study."

"Pendistribusian BBM di Region Ambon memiliki tantangan berupa terbatasnya akses transportasi melalui jalur darat dikarenakan kondisi geografis yang terdiri dari pulau-pulau sehingga pendistribusain menjadi rumit dan mengalami keterlambatan penyaluran BBM. Sehingga diperlukakn rute distribusi yang optimal untuk memastikan penyaluran BBM tidak terlambat dan tidak ada kelangkaan BBM. Penelitian ini mengimplementasikan metode optimasi dengan mempergunakan algoritma Genetika dan Particle Swarm Optimization untuk pemilihan rute distribusi dengan tujuan meminimalisir jarak tempuh. Data jarak mil laut antar pelabuhan, kecepatan kapal pada tiap pelabuhan diolah menjadi sebuah model Asymmetric Travelling Salesman Problem (ATSP). Penerapan dua algoritma yaitu : Algorima Genetika dan particle swarm optimization dipergunakan untuk menyelesaikan model ATSP yang dibuat dengan fungsi objektif jarak tempuh yang seminimum mungkin. Variasi pada destinasi awal/akhir dari pemilihan rute juga dilakukan sebagai parameter uji tambahan dari setiap algoritma. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa algoritma genetika memberikan rute terpendek dan efisien dibandingkan particle swarm optimization pada setiap pemilihan rute yang dilakukan. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa algoritma genetika lebih efektif dalam menentukan rute pendistribusian BBM yang lebih pendek dan efisien.

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The distribution of BBM in the Ambon Region has challenges in the form of limited access to transportation via land routes due to geographical conditions consisting of islands so that distribution becomes complicated and delays fuel distribution. So that an optimal distribution route is needed to ensure the distribution of fuel is not late and there is no shortage of fuel. This study implements an optimization method using the Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization for the selection of distribution routes with the aim of minimizing the distance traveled. Nautical mile distance data between ports, ship speed at each port is processed into an Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem (ATSP) model. The application of two algorithms, namely: Genetic Algorithm and particle swarm optimization is used to solve the ATSP model which is made with the objective function of the distance traveled as minimal as possible. Variations in the initial/final destination of the route selection are also performed as additional test parameters of each algorithm. The results showed that the genetic algorithm provides the shortest and most efficient route compared to particle swarm optimization for each route selection made. This proves that the genetic algorithm is more effective in determining the shorter and more efficient fuel distribution route."

"[ABSTRAKSektor perikanan merupakan salah satu konsumen pengguna dalam kebijakan BBM Subsidi dengan titik serah di Penyalur. Masalah yang muncul pada sektor perikanan adalah harga aktual yang diterima diatas harga ketetapan Pemerintah karena kurangnya Penyalur BBM serta kendala-kendala lain. Selain itu, terdapat banyak lembaga yang terkait dalam kebijakan BBM Subsidi sektor perikanan. Metode Interpretive Structural Modeling digunakan untuk menghasilkan model struktur kelembagaan untuk pengambilan keputusan dalam rangka kebijakan BBM Subsidi sektor perikanan serta menghasilkan kendala yang menjadi faktor utama dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan BBM Subsidi sektor perikanan melalui sejumlah wawancara dan kuesioner dengan melibatkan 5 orang ekspert yang menjadi narasumber. Penelitian ini menghasilkan model struktur kelembagaan dengan 7 lembaga yang menjadi faktor utama dalam penyusunan serta pelaksanaan kebijakan BBM Subsidi sektor perikanan. Terdapat 3 kendala yang menjadi faktor utama dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan BBM Subsidi pada sektor perikanan yaitu Kebijakan satu harga, pengaturan dan perijinan serta Sebaran Penyalur BBM khususnya sektor perikanan.

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ABSTRACTThe fisheries sector is one of consumer users in the fuel subsidy policy with custody transfer point in the Fuel Retail Station. The problem that arises in the fisheries sector is the actual price received by fisherman above the price that has been set by the Government due to lack of fuel Retail Station for fishery and other constraints. In addition, there are many institution involved in the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector. Interpretive Structural Modeling method is used to produce a model of the institutional structures for decision-making in the framework of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector and determine the priority constraints in the implementation of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector trough structured interview and questionaire with 5 expert. This research resulted in structural model of institutions with 7 institutions is a major factor in the preparation and implementation of fuel subsidy policy for fisheries sector. There are three obstacles that a major factor in the implementation of the policy of fuel subsidies in the fisheries sector, namely one price policy, regulation and licensing and also distribution of fuel retail station, especially for fisheries sector;The fisheries sector is one of consumer users in the fuel subsidy policy with custody transfer point in the Fuel Retail Station. The problem that arises in the fisheries sector is the actual price received by fisherman above the price that has been set by the Government due to lack of fuel Retail Station for fishery and other constraints. In addition, there are many institution involved in the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector. Interpretive Structural Modeling method is used to produce a model of the institutional structures for decision-making in the framework of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector and determine the priority constraints in the implementation of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector trough structured interview and questionaire with 5 expert. This research resulted in structural model of institutions with 7 institutions is a major factor in the preparation and implementation of fuel subsidy policy for fisheries sector. There are three obstacles that a major factor in the implementation of the policy of fuel subsidies in the fisheries sector, namely one price policy, regulation and licensing and also distribution of fuel retail station, especially for fisheries sector;The fisheries sector is one of consumer users in the fuel subsidy policy with custody transfer point in the Fuel Retail Station. The problem that arises in the fisheries sector is the actual price received by fisherman above the price that has been set by the Government due to lack of fuel Retail Station for fishery and other constraints. In addition, there are many institution involved in the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector. Interpretive Structural Modeling method is used to produce a model of the institutional structures for decision-making in the framework of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector and determine the priority constraints in the implementation of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector trough structured interview and questionaire with 5 expert. This research resulted in structural model of institutions with 7 institutions is a major factor in the preparation and implementation of fuel subsidy policy for fisheries sector. There are three obstacles that a major factor in the implementation of the policy of fuel subsidies in the fisheries sector, namely one price policy, regulation and licensing and also distribution of fuel retail station, especially for fisheries sector;The fisheries sector is one of consumer users in the fuel subsidy policy with custody transfer point in the Fuel Retail Station. The problem that arises in the fisheries sector is the actual price received by fisherman above the price that has been set by the Government due to lack of fuel Retail Station for fishery and other constraints. In addition, there are many institution involved in the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector. Interpretive Structural Modeling method is used to produce a model of the institutional structures for decision-making in the framework of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector and determine the priority constraints in the implementation of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector trough structured interview and questionaire with 5 expert. This research resulted in structural model of institutions with 7 institutions is a major factor in the preparation and implementation of fuel subsidy policy for fisheries sector. There are three obstacles that a major factor in the implementation of the policy of fuel subsidies in the fisheries sector, namely one price policy, regulation and licensing and also distribution of fuel retail station, especially for fisheries sector;The fisheries sector is one of consumer users in the fuel subsidy policy with custody transfer point in the Fuel Retail Station. The problem that arises in the fisheries sector is the actual price received by fisherman above the price that has been set by the Government due to lack of fuel Retail Station for fishery and other constraints. In addition, there are many institution involved in the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector. Interpretive Structural Modeling method is used to produce a model of the institutional structures for decision-making in the framework of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector and determine the priority constraints in the implementation of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector trough structured interview and questionaire with 5 expert. This research resulted in structural model of institutions with 7 institutions is a major factor in the preparation and implementation of fuel subsidy policy for fisheries sector. There are three obstacles that a major factor in the implementation of the policy of fuel subsidies in the fisheries sector, namely one price policy, regulation and licensing and also distribution of fuel retail station, especially for fisheries sector, The fisheries sector is one of consumer users in the fuel subsidy policy with custody transfer point in the Fuel Retail Station. The problem that arises in the fisheries sector is the actual price received by fisherman above the price that has been set by the Government due to lack of fuel Retail Station for fishery and other constraints. In addition, there are many institution involved in the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector. Interpretive Structural Modeling method is used to produce a model of the institutional structures for decision-making in the framework of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector and determine the priority constraints in the implementation of the fuel subsidy policy of the fisheries sector trough structured interview and questionaire with 5 expert. This research resulted in structural model of institutions with 7 institutions is a major factor in the preparation and implementation of fuel subsidy policy for fisheries sector. There are three obstacles that a major factor in the implementation of the policy of fuel subsidies in the fisheries sector, namely one price policy, regulation and licensing and also distribution of fuel retail station, especially for fisheries sector]"