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"There are many theory about the growth of craniofacial that proposed by any scientist with different understanding background. The genetic theory described that genes determine all. Dominace Sutural theory according to Sicher, said that primary event in sutural growth is the proliferation of the connective tissue between the two bones. The nasal septum theory from Scot showed that cartilage is a more pressure-tolerant tissue than the vascular-sensitive sutures. It presumably has the developmental capacity to expansively push the whole nasomaxillary complex downward and forward. Moss hypothesis suggest that bone and cartilage lack growth determination and grow in response to intrinsic growth of associated tissues. The associated tissues call "functional matrices". Each component of a functional matrices perform a necessary service-such as respiration, mastication, speech, while the skeletal tissue support and protect the associated functional matrices. Functional matrices consist of periosteal and capsuler. Besides that, there are many factors to control craniofacial growth, such as natural and disruptive. The natural factors include function, general body growth, neurotrophism. While disruptive is orthodontic forces, surgery, malnutrition, malfunction, gross craniofacial anomalies."

"Hubungan pertumbuhan kraniofacial, tinggi badan, dan tahapan maturasi tulang servikal. Periode tumbuh kembang bermanfaat untuk mengobati pasien yang memerlukan perawatan orthodontik. Dalam periode pertumbuhan kraniofasial dapat dimodifikasi. Indikator yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai tumbuh kembang antara lain adalah tinggi tubuh dan tahap perkembangan vertebra servikalis (CVMS). Beberapa studi sebelumnya telah menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan kraniofasial mirip dengan pertumbuhan badan dan ada perbedaan antara anak laki-laki danperempuan. Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi korelasi antara pertumbuhan kraniofasial, tinggi tubuh dan CVMS pada anak laki-laki dan perempuan dalam kelompok Deutero-Malay berusia 10-17 tahun. Metode: Studi potong lintang dilakukan dengan sampel 158 subjek (72 lelaki dan 86 perempuan). Pertumbuhan kraniofasial dinilai dalam lima dimensi (N-Me, S-Go, S-NA, PNS-A, Go-Pog), CVMS dijelaskan oleh metode Baccetti, selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran tinggi tubuh. Hasil: Koefisien korelasi Pearson dan Spearman menunjukkan tinggi memiliki hubungan yang lebih kuat dengan CVMS daripada dengan pertumbuhan kraniofasial pada kelompok anak laki-laki dan perempuan (r=0,838; p<0,05) (r=0,647; p<0,05). Koefisien korelasi kraniofasial tinggi (Na-Me, S-Go) dan panjang mandibula (Go-Pog) memiliki hubungan yang kuat dengan CVMS (r=0,458; r=0,465; r=0,545; p<0,05) dibandingkan dengan panjang kraniofasial (S-N, PNS-A) pada kelompok anak laki-laki dan perempuan (r=0,283; r=0,237; p<0,05). T-test mengungkapkan perbedaan ketinggian tubuh (p<0,005) dan pertumbuhan kraniofasial antara laki-laki dan perempuan pada kelompok usia 13-15 tahun (p<0,05). Tes Mann-Whitney mengungkapkan perbedaan CVMS antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan pada kelompok usia 10-17 tahun (p<0,05). Simpulan: Tinggi tubuh, tinggi kraniofasial, dan panjang mandibula berhubungan dengan CVMS.

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Growth and development period has benefit for treating patient who need orthodontic treatment. In this period craniofacial development can be modified. Indicators that can be used assess the growth and development among others are through body height and cervical vertebrae maturity stages (CVMS). Several previous studies have indicated that craniofacial growth is similar to body growth and there is gender difference between boys and girls. Objectives: Identifying correlation between craniofacial growth, body height and CVMS between gender in Deutero-Malay group aged 10-17 years old. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with samples of 158 subjects (72 males and 86 females). Craniofacial growth assessed in five dimensions (N-Me, S-Go, S-NA, PNS-A, Go-Pog), CVMS as described by Baccetti's method, body height was measured. Results: Pearson and Spearman's correlation coefficient revealed body height has stronger relationship with CVMS than craniofacial growth (r=0.838; p<0.05) (r= 0.647; p<0.05). Correlation coefficient craniofacial height (Na-Me, S-Go) and mandibula length (Go-Pog) have stronger relationship with CVMS (r=0.458; r=0.465; r=0.545; respectively p<0.05) than the length of craniofacial (S-N, PNS-A) in boys and girls group (r=0.283; r=0.237; p<0.05). T-test revealed difference in body height (p<0.05) and craniofacial growth between boys and girls in group age 13-15 years old (p<0.05). Mann-Whitney test revealed differences in CVMS between males and females in age 10-17 years old (p<0.05). Conclusions: Body height, craniofacial height and mandibular length were correlated with CVMS."

"Madible fracture, also known as fractures of jaws are breaks through the mandiblebone. Fractures of mandible account for 36 -70% of all maxillofacial injuries (1,2,3)the symphysis and parasymphysis account for 17%of mandible fracture (4) 75 % to85 % of mandible fracture occurs in males with majority occuring in their twenties &thirties (5,6,7). 43% of the patients had an associated injury. Of these patients, headinjuries occurred in 39% of patients, head and neck lacerations in 30%, midfacefractures in 28%, ocular injuries in 16%, nasal fractures in 12%, and cervical spinefractures in 11% - 53% of patients had unilateral fractures, 37% of the patients had2 fractures, and 9% had 3 or more fractures."

"Midfacial rejuvenation is a comprehensive review of the majority of procedures and options for midfacial aesthetic and corrective surgery. Each contributor offers a unique approach to the midfacial area, with detailed specifics for every technique. Chapters on midfacial anatomy, complications and their management complete the comprehensive coverage of the subject matter, resulting in a reference text that will benefit every practitioner dealing with the midfacial region. Features, one of the first books to focus exclusively on the midfacial area, highly illustrated and with clear, step-by-step instructions on performing a variety of midface lifts, implants, sutures, grafts, and fillers, over 300 full color images, includes in-depth chapters on midfacial anatomy and the anatomic basis of aging, multiple approaches to midfacial rejuvenation by well-known surgeons in fields such as oculoplastics, facial plastics, general plastics, and dermatologists."

"Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengukur perubahan kekuatan mekanis miniplate setelah di uji imersi dengan larutan HBSS dengan pH awal 7,4. Proses yang dilakukan adalah membuat CAD miniplate, membandingkan desain miniplate dengan benchmark produk menggunakan FEM, revisi desain, fabrikasi miniplate (CNC milling, surface grinding, etc), observasi mikrostruktur miniplate, uji imersi, pengukuran perubahan massa dan pH dan uji three-point bending. Hasil pertama dari penelitian atau riset mengenai keadaan microstructure miniplate pure magnesium adalah pertambahan film atau lapisan baru pada miniplate jika uji imersi yang dilakukan semakin lama. Hal ini disebabkan mekanisme untuk menghasilkan protective layer jika klorida muncul. Lalu didapatkan perubahan massa pada waktu perendaman 1 hari, 2 hari, 4 hari dan 7 hari dari massa miniplate awal dengan rata – rata 0,35 g masing – masing yaitu 0,345 g, 0,342 g, 0,332 g dan 0,322 g. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin lama hari perendaman akan mengurangi massa miniplate magnesium dikarenakan proses degradasi yang terjadi. Hasil ketiga adalah perubahan pH pada larutan HBSS saat uji imersi dari pH awal 7.4 pada masing – masing perendaman 1 hari, 2 hari, 4 hari dan 7 hari yaitu 7.93, 6.54, 6.07 dan 9.14. Dapat dilihat bahwa tingkat perubahan pH pada larutan HBSS tidak konsisten dan tidak memiliki trendline yang pasti. Hasil terakhir adalah perubahan kekuatan mekanis pada miniplate yang semakin rendah ketika dilakukan uji imersi dengan hasil maximum bending load yaitu 167,15 N, 163,51 N, 161,01 N, 157,37 N, 153,5 N dan 128,34 N. Hal ini disebabkan karena kehilangan mechanical integrity akibat proses korosi.

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This study aimed at measuring changes in the mechanical strength of the miniplate after being immersed in an HBSS solution with an initial pH of 7.4. The process carried out is to make a miniplate CAD, compare the miniplate design with product benchmarks using FEM, design revision, miniplate fabrication (CNC milling, surface grinding, etc.), miniplate microstructure observation, immersion test, mass and pH change measurement and three-point bending test. The first result of research on the state of pure magnesium miniplate microstructure is the accretion of a new film or layer on the miniplate if the immersion test is carried out longer. This is due to the mechanism to produce a protective layer if chlorides appear. Then a mass change was obtained at soaking time of 1 day, 2 days, 4 days and 7 days from the initial miniplate mass with an average of 0.35 g, namely 0.345 g, 0.342 g, 0.332 g and 0.322 g, respectively. It can be concluded that the longer the immersion day will reduce the miniplate mass of magnesium due to the degradation process that occurs. The third result was a change in the pH in the HBSS solution during the immersion test from the initial pH of 7.4 at 1 day, 2 days, 4 days and 7 days immersion, respectively, namely 7.93, 6.54, 6.07 and 9.14. It can be seen that the rate of pH change in HBSS solution is inconsistent and has no definite trendline. The last result is a change in mechanical strength in the miniplate which is getting lower when the immersion test is carried out with maximum bending load results, namely 167.15 N, 163.51 N, 161.01 N, 157.37 N, 153.5 N and 128.34 N. This is due to loss of mechanical integrity due to corrosion processes."

"Kecelakaan lalu lintas mendominasi penyebab trauma craniomaxillofacial di Asia Tenggara. Pada sisi lain, angka kecelakaan lalu lintas di Indonesia terus naik seiring pertambahan kendaraan bermotor. Kondisi ini menyebabkan pengembangan miniplate, alat yang berguna untuk menangani pasien trauma CMF, menjadi suatu keharusan. Penggunaan miniplate sendiri mengalami rintangan di beberapa bagian, terlebih fraktur kompleks yang memerlukan geometri yang unik. Riset ini bertujuan untuk membuat miniplate yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan akan geometri ini. Riset ini menggunakan produk komersial sebagai pembanding dan jurnal ilmiah sebagai referensi. Proses yang dilakukan adalah membuat model CAD, analisis teoritis, analisis finite element, pembuatan purwarupa, dan sejumlah revisi desain. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kebanyakan tipe dapat menahan beban yang akan diterima oleh miniplate secara teori. Namun, pada proses fabrikasi, ditemukan bahwa sejumlah tipe sulit untuk dibuat dengan mesin yang ada. Sehingga dari tipe-tipe yang diajukan, hanya satu yang dapat dibuat. Metode fabrikasi dari tipe ini menggunakan CNC milling dengan miniplate komersial yang ada sebagai bahan baku. Hasil yang didapat dengan metode ini sesuai dengan geometri desain dengan beberapa catatan.

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Traffic accidents dominate the cause of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma in Southeast Asia. On the other hand, the rate of traffic accidents in Indonesia is increasing along with increased motorized vehicles. This condition led to the development of miniplate, a valuable tool for treating CMF trauma patients, becoming imperative. The use of the miniplate itself encounters obstacles in several parts, incredibly complex fractures that require unique geometries. This research aims to create a miniplate that can meet the needs of these geometries. This research uses commercial products as a comparison and uses scientific journals as a reference. The process carried out is making CAD models, theoretical analysis, finite element analysis, making prototypes, and several design revisions. The analysis results obtained that most types of designs can withstand loads that miniplates will theoretically accept. However, in the fabrication process, it was found that several types were difficult to fabricate with existing machines. So that of the proposed types, only one type can be fabricated. The fabrication method of this type uses CNC milling with existing commercial miniplates as raw materials. The results obtained by this method correspond to the desired geometry with some notes."