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"Penilaian moral terhadap hewan, mengharuskan penelusuran kembali metafisis moral, yang merupakan reason dari manusia. Moral adalah fitur yang dimiliki manusia sebagai pendoman atas baik-buruk, benar-salah, etis-tidak etisnya tindakan manusia, yang merupakan bagian dari kesadaran manusia terhadap kediriannya serta nilai-nilai kebaikan. Moral merupakan faktor utama yang membentuk distingsi manusia dan hewan, dan menjadikan penilaian akan moral itu sendiri berbeda antara dengan manusia sebagai moral being, dan hewan non-moral being. Penilaian etis terhadap manusia, mewajibkan pelandasan penilaian tersebut pada hukum moral, yang terbentuk atas dialog dan persetujuan yang dilakukan moral being. Berbeda dengan penilaian etis terhadap hewan, hukum moral tidak dapat dihadirkan, akibat hewan memiliki keterbatasan yang lebih dalam kemampuan kongnitifnya, hingga tidak dapat menyuarakan kediriannya dalam dialog moral. Sehingga penilaian kita terhadap hewan hanya dapat dihubungkan dengan komponen-komponen perasaan moral yaitu virtue, simpati, dan piety. Dan perasaan moral tersebut akan merujuk kembali pada faktor-faktor kekerabatan spesies dan kesamaan-kesamaan yang dimiliki. Penilaian etis terhadap hewan merupakan hal yang sifatnya partikular, dan tetap mengharuskan adanya pendekatan berdasarkan kepentingan yang juga dimiliki hewan.

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A moral judgment on animal, require us to trace back the metaphysics of moral which act as man's reason. Morale is man's features that act as a guidance on the good-bad, right-wrong, ethical-non-ethical of human's behavior. It is a part of human‟s consciousness of its being and its virtue. Morale is the main factor that distinct man and animal, and therefore the moral judgment itself differ between man as a moral being and animal as a non-moral being. An ethical judgment on man requires a foundation on moral law that is formed from a dialog and agreement done between moral beings. In ethical judgment on animal, we can‟t bring moral law as its foundation for animal have a limitation on its cognitive abilities; therefore, it can‟t express itself as a being in a moral dialog. In making a judgment on animal, we can only connect by components of moral sentiment, which are virtue, sympathy, and piety, and those moral sentiments will refer back on its species relation factor and the similarities they share. An ethical judgment on animal is of particular nature, and still requires an approach based on an interest that is also owned by animals.;A moral judgment on animal, require us to trace back the metaphysics of moral which act as man's reason. Morale is man's features that act as a guidance on the good-bad, right-wrong, ethical-non-ethical of human's behavior. It is a part of human‟s consciousness of its being and its virtue. Morale is the main factor that distinct man and animal, and therefore the moral judgment itself differ between man as a moral being and animal as a non-moral being. An ethical judgment on man requires a foundation on moral law that is formed from a dialog and agreement done between moral beings. In ethical judgment on animal, we can‟t bring moral law as its foundation for animal have a limitation on its cognitive abilities; therefore, it can‟t express itself as a being in a moral dialog. In making a judgment on animal, we can only connect by components of moral sentiment, which are virtue, sympathy, and piety, and those moral sentiments will refer back on its species relation factor and the similarities they share. An ethical judgment on animal is of particular nature, and still requires an approach based on

an interest that is also owned by animals."

"The two essays provide a critical examination of theory and research in the field of evolutionary psychology. The view advanced here is that philosophical materialism and minimalist assumptions about adaptation serve Darwinian psychology better than the more popular alternative view that relies on cognitive dualism and propositional-attitude psychology to formulate evolutionary psychology theory. A commitment to cognitive dualism is destined to undermine the physical basis of behavior upon which evolutionary theory depends. The challenge is to develop a materialistic and mechanistic approach to understanding human cognition and behavior, including linguistic and social behavior."