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"Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak dinamis dari pertumbuhan ekonomi, penggunaan energi terbarukan dan tingkat pendidikan terhadap jejak ekologis di Negara G20. Jejak ekologis digunakan sebagai ukuran yang lebih komperhensif yang dapat melihat tekanan terhadap lingkungan yang berasal dari aktifitas manusia. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis PMG-ARDL untuk melihat hubungan dinamis antar variabel dan memungkinkan untuk melihat hubungan kointegrasi atau hubungan jangka Panjang. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka panjang peningkatan pendapatan perkapita akan mengikuti hipotesis EKC. Akan tetapi, tingkat pendidikan dari peningkatan rata-rata lama sekolah dari negara G-20 tidak mengikuti hipotesis EKC dan belum dapat menurunkan jejak ekologis secara langsung.

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This study analyses the dynamic impact of economic growth, renewable energy, and education on the G20's ecological footprint. The ecological footprint is used as a more comprehensive measure that can see the pressure on environment comes from human activities. By applying PMG-ARDL analysis, cointegration or long-term relationships can be seen. The estimation results show that in the long run an increase in per capita income will follow the EKC hypothesis. However, the educational attainment of the increase in the average length of schooling of the G-20 countries does not follow the EKC hypothesis and cannot directly reduce the ecological footprint"

"FDI menjadi salah satu instrumen penting bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara. FDI pun membawa sejumlah dampak positif yang terhadap perekonomian host country seperti transfer teknologi, peningkatan SDM, dan pendapatan pajak bagi negara. Sejumlah penelitian pun membuktikan bahwa FDI memiliki peranan penting bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi, baik bagi kelompok developed maupun emerging economies. Namun, terlepas dari kontribusinya, arus masuk FDI menimbulkan sejumlah perdebatan karena berpotensi memberikan dampak buruk terhadap lingkungan seperti peningkatan emisi lingkungan ataupun kerusakan lingkungan bagi host country. Hal ini seringkali diakibatkan oleh sejumlah perusahaan yang memaksimalkan keuntungan dengan berinvestasi di negara-negara yang peraturan lingkungannya tidak memadai sehingga menimbulkan eksternalitas negatif bagi lingkungan host country. Lebih lanjut, kualitas institusi politik memainkan peranan penting dalam kualitas lingkungan yang dimiliki suatu negara. Sejumlah studi pun menemukan hasil yang berbeda mengenai dampak FDI dan kualitas institusi politik terhadap degradasi lingkungan, seperti hubungan positif antara FDI serta kualitas kelembagaan terhadap degradasi lingkungan atau FDI dan institusi politik yang justru menurunkan degradasi lingkungan. Lebih lanjut, bagaimana fenomena yang terjadi baik pada kelompok developed maupun emerging countries di Asia Pasifik?. Dalam rangka mengetahui dampak FDI dan institusi politik terhadap degradasi lingkungan, peneliti menggunakan metode regresi data panel Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS). Penelitian ini menemukan hasil yang berbeda antara kelompok developed dan emerging economies terkait dampak FDI dan institusi politik terhadap degradasi lingkungan. Hal ini disebabkan karena terdapat sejumlah perbedaan karakteristik antar kelompok.

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FDI is one of the important instruments for the economic growth of a country. FDI also brings a number of positive impacts on the host country's economy, such as technology transfer, human resource development, and tax revenue for the country. A number of studies also prove that FDI has an important role for economic growth, both for the developed and emerging economies groups. However, regardless of its contribution, FDI inflows have caused a number of debates because they have the potential to have a negative impact on the environment such as increased environmental emissions or environmental damage to the host country. This is often caused by a number of companies maximizing profits by investing in countries where the environmental regulations are inadequate, creating negative externalities for the host country's environment. Furthermore, the quality of political institutions plays an important role in the quality of a country's environment. A number of studies also found different results regarding the impact of FDI and the quality of political institutions on environmental degradation, such as a positive relationship between FDI and institutional quality on environmental degradation or FDI and political institutions that actually reduce environmental degradation. Furthermore, how is the phenomenon that occurs in both the developed and emerging countries groups in Asia Pacific? In order to determine the impact of FDI and political institutions on environmental degradation, the researcher uses the Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) panel data regression method. This study found different results between the developed and emerging economies groups regarding the impact of FDI and political institutions on environmental degradation. This is because there are a number of differences in characteristics between groups. "