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"Berdasarkan Kepmenkes no 129 tahun 2008 tentang Standar Pelayanan Minimal Rumah Sakit, standar pelayanan farmasi untuk tidak adanya kejadian kesalahan pemberian obat adalah 100 %. Kejadian kesalahan pemberian obat dari bagian farmasi di RS ?X? masih selalu muncul walaupun sudah ada Standar Prosedur Operasional (SPO). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kesalahan. Metode penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan melakukan analisis konten. Peneliti melakukan wawancara mendalam, observasi dan telaah dokumen. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan faktor penyebab kejadian kesalahan pemberian obat yang perlu diperbaiki adalah faktor supervisi terhadap pelaksanaan SPO, lingkungan kerja fisik, kelelahan, stress dan interupsi, beban kerja serta ketrampilan dan pengetahuan petugas.

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Based on Kepmenkes No. 129 year 2008 about Minimum Service Standards Hospitals, pharmaceutical service standards for the absence of medication error occurrence is 100%. Incidence of medication errors in a hospital "X" pharmacy section was always appear despite existing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the factors that caused the error. This is a qualitative research method with content analysis. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews, observation and document review. From the results, the causes of medication error events that need to be improved is the supervision of the implementation of SPO factors, physical work environment, fatigue, stress and interruptions, workload and skill and knowledge workers."

"This text covers the basic science as well as the role and application of pharmaceutics within pharmacy practice. Based on curricular guidelines mandated by the American Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), this book incorporates laboratory skills by identifying portions of each principle that can be used in a clinical setting. In this way, instructorsare able to demonstrate their adherence to ACPE standards and objectives simply by using this book. A companion website for students and instructors further enhance the didactic content for students by including practice questions and answers and videos that feature difficult processes and procedures. Essential resources for instructors are also available and include chapter PowerPoint slides and full-color images. Full of practical examples and case studies for experiential learning, Pharmaceutics enables students to gain the scientific foundation to understand drug physicochemical properties, practical aspects of dosage forms and drug delivery systems, and the biological applications of drug administration."

"Evaluasi penggunaan obat (EPO) merupakan suatu metode yang bertujuan mengidentifikasi masalah terkait penggunaan obat (WHO, 2003). Evaluasi penggunaan obat merupakan salah satu standar pelayanan kefarmasian yang diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 74 Tahun 2016 (Kementrian Kesehatan, 2016). Evaluasi penggunaan obat dapat melihat dan menilai penggunaan obat secara bijak. WHO telah merekomendasikan metode Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) / Defined Daily Dose (DDD) dalam mengevaluasi penggunaan obat. Metode ini mengukur secara kuantitatif besarnya nilai DDD penggunaan antibiotik (WHO, 2021). Perbaharuan data kode ATC/DDD di Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data dari web WHO dan menghasilkan data yang berisi kode internasional obat (ATC), dosis harian (DDD), unit dose, dan rute pemberian obat yang dapat digunakan sebagai basis data untuk kebutuhan rumah sakit salah satunya dalam melakukan evaluasi penggunaan obat pasien Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia. Sebanyak 2.120 dari 2.331 sediaan farmasi telah terisi kode ATC/DDD yang terdiri dari 990 sediaan oral, 322 sediaan parenteral, 14 sediaan rektal, 3 sediaan transdermal, dan 3 sediaan vaginal.

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Evaluation of drug use is a method that aims to identify problems related to drug use (WHO, 2003). Evaluation of drug use is one of the pharmaceutical service standards regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 74 of 2016 (Ministry of Health, 2016). Evaluation of drug use can see and assess drug use wisely. WHO has recommended the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) / Defined Daily Dose (DDD) method in evaluating drug use. This method quantitatively measures the DDD value of antibiotic use (WHO, 2021). Updating ATC/DDD code data at the University of Indonesia Hospital is carried out by collecting data from the WHO website and producing data containing international drug codes (ATC), daily dose (DDD), unit dose, and route of drug administration which can be used as a database for One of the hospital needs is evaluating the use of medicines for patients at the University of Indonesia Hospital. A total of 2,120 of the 2,331 pharmaceutical preparations were filled with ATC/DDD codes, consisting of 990 oral preparations, 322 parenteral preparations, 14 rectal preparations, 3 transdermal preparations and 3 vaginal preparations."

"Praktik Kerja di Apotik Kimia Farma No. 267 Periode Bulan Februari tahun 2020/Praktik Kerja di Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Periode Bulan Maret Tahun 2020/Praktik Kerja di PT. Mahakam Beta Farma Periode Bulan Juni - Juli Tahun 2020

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Internship at Apotik Kimia Farma No. 267 Period February 2020/Internship at Badan dan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Period March 2020/Internship at PT. Mahakam Beta Farma Period June - July 2020"

"Pengobatan epilepsi melalui rute oral seringkali tidak efektif, karena obat-obat tersebut menghadapi tantangan metabolisme lintas pertama, degradasi enzim, dan penetrasi yang rendah ke dalam otak akibat adanya sawar darah otak. Masalah tersebut dapat diatasi melalui pengembangan sistem intranasal yang dibantu dengan liposom. Tujuan penelitian ini melakukan formulasi liposom asam valproat sebagai obat epilepsi untuk meningkatkan bioavailabilitas di otak melalui rute intranasal. Liposom asam valproat dibuat dengan teknik hidrasi lapis tipis menggunakan fosfatidilkolin kedelai dan kolesterol. Selanjutnya dikarakterisasi berdasarkan ukuran, indeks poli dispersitas (IPD), potensial zeta, morfologi obat, persentase kadar obat, dan pelepasan obat ex vivo. Formulasi liposom juga diuji stabilitasnya pada suhu berbeda. Uji in vivo dilakukan pada tikus albino Wistar untuk menentukan profil farmakokinetik dan biodistribusi obat. Sampel uji masing-masing diberikan secara oral, intraperitoneal (IP) pada tikus (n=5) dengan menganalisis perbandingan kadar asam valproat pada plasma dengan otak. Hasil karakterisasi fisik terbaik adalah pada formula 4 pada ukuran partikel, IPD, potensial zeta, dan efisiensi penjerapan pada formulasi teroptimasi berturut-turut adalah 92,01±1,87 nm, 0,21±0,01, -46,33±6,47 mV, dan 82,19±4,72%. Hasil uji TEM dengan perbesaran 40.000x menunjukkan bahwa liposom asam valproat memiliki bentuk molekul bulat (sferis) dan ukuran partikel di bawah 250 nm. Hasil uji stabilitas menunjukkan bahwa formulasi tidak mengalami perubahan ketika disimpan pada suhu 4±2 °C dan 25±2 °C selama enam bulan. Hasil uji ex vivo menggunakan lapisan mukosa hidung domba menunjukkan liposom dapat meningkatkan penetrasi asam valproat sebesar 200,24 ± 5.25 µg.cm-2.jam-1. Berdasarkan uji in vivo, nilai konsentrasi asam valproat yang dienkapsulasi dengan liposom yang diberikan dengan rute intranasal meningkat dibandingkan dengan kelompok asam valproat non liposom, intraperitoneal dan oral. Uji biodistribusi menunjukkan liposom asam valproat berhasil meningkatkan efisiensi penargetan obat di otak dibandingkan plasma sebesar 1,15 kali. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan keberhasilan formulasi liposom asam valproat yang sesuai untuk rute intranasal dengan potensi penargetan otak.

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The treatment of epilepsy via oral route often faces challenges such as first-pass metabolism, enzymatic degradation, and low brain penetration due to the blood-brain barrier. These issues can be addressed through the development of intranasal systems assisted by liposomes. The aim of this study was to formulate liposomes containing valproic acid as an epilepsy drug to enhance brain bioavailability through intranasal administration. Liposomes containing valproic acid were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique with soy phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Subsequently, they were characterized based on size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug morphology, drug content percentage, and ex vivo drug release. The stability of the liposome formulation was also tested at different temperatures. In vivo testing was conducted on Wistar albino rats to determine the pharmacokinetic profile and drug biodistribution. Samples were administered orally and intraperitoneally (IP) to the rats (n=5), analyzing the comparison of valproic acid levels in plasma and the brain. The best physical characterization results were obtained from formula 4 with particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency in the optimized formulation being 92.01±1.87 nm, 0.21±0.01, -46.33±6.47 mV, and 82.19±4.72%, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis at a magnification of 40,000x showed that valproic acid-loaded liposomes had spherical molecular shapes and particle sizes below 250 nm. Stability testing indicated that the formulation remained unchanged when stored at 4±2 °C and 25±2 °C for six months. Ex vivo testing using sheep nasal mucosa demonstrated that the liposomes increased valproic acid penetration by 200.24 ± 5.25 µg.cm-2.hour-1. Based on in vivo testing, the concentration of valproic acid encapsulated in liposomes administered intranasally increased compared to non-liposomal valproic acid, intraperitoneal, and oral groups. Biodistribution testing indicated that valproic acid-loaded liposomes successfully enhanced drug targeting efficiency in the brain compared to plasma by 1.15 times. The results obtained indicate the successful formulation of valproic acid-loaded liposomes suitable for intranasal administration with potential brain targeting capability."