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"Penyakit DM tipe 2 menyerang usia dewasa diatas 40 tahun dengan komplikasi yang serius. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meneliti apakah konsumsi kopi dapat menurunkan resiko kejadian diabetes tipe 2. Desain penelitian menggunakan studi kasus kontrol dengan DM tipe 2 sebagai kelompok kasus dan kontrol non DM tipe 2 dengan sampel sebanyak 482 tiap kelompok.Hasil penelitian kelompok non diabetes tipe 2 lebih banyak minum kopi murni dengan odd ratio = 0.75 dapat disimpulkan kopi murni merupakan faktor proteksi diabetes tipe 2 dan bermakna 􀁣2=4.61, p=0.036, Takaran 1-3 sendok makan dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang tidak minum kopi didapatkan odd ratio=0.65, p=0.001036.Secara keseluruhan lamanya minum kopi didapatkan odd ratio rerata = 0.863 dan spearman korelasi bermakna pada p < 0.01.Secara keseluruhan didapatkan odd ratio = 0.758 antara jumlah kopi yang diminum perhari dengan kejadian diabetes tipe 2, disimpulkan jumlah kopi yang diminum berperan menurunkan angka kejadian diabetes tipe 2. dengan korelasi spearman =- 0.121. Dari hasil analisa logistik regresi didapatkan seluruh kekentalan campuran kopi merupakan faktor protektif dari kejadian diabetes tipe 2. dan takaran 3 sendok tanpa gula mempunyai faktor protektif yang sangat tinggi.

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The Risk of Type 2 Diabetic among Coffee Drinker in Palembang Municipality Year of 2006-2007. Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetic approximately 4.7%, and expose people age of 40 year above with serious complications. The objectived of the research was to find out the association between cofee consumption dan the risk of type 2 diabetic.

Method : The design of the research was case control study with type 2 diabetic as cases group and non diabetic type 2 as control group with matching of the aged group with sample size 482 for each group.

Result: Pure coffee consumption of 1- 3 tea spoon the odd ratio was 0.65. and for group less than 1 year the odd ratio =0.49, 1-2 years the odd ratio = 0.55, 3-5 years the odd ratio = 0.13, 6-10 years odd ratio=0.42, 11- 20 the odd ratio =0.60 and more than 20 years the odd ratio=0.29 and it could concluded the risk of type 2 diabtetic inversely associated with duration of coffee consumption. The overall odd ratio of coffee consumption frequencies was 0.758 with spearman correlation = -0.121,or more frequently coffe consumsption the lowest risk of type 2 diabetic. By regresion analysis it was found out the overall coffee viscosities was protected factors for the risk of type 2 diabtetic especially mixed 3 spoon coffee with out sugar had high protected index."

"Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit kronik dengan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Salah satu komplikasi yang ditakuti adalah kaki diabetik. Berdasarkan data di RSCM pada tahun 2011 sebanyak 1,3% dari pasien kaki diabetik harus menjalani amputasi. Borkosky dkk (2013) menunjukkan tingginya insidens re-amputasi pada pasien kaki diabetik sebesar 19,8%. Amputasi berulang membutuhkan biaya pengobatan yang tidak murah, selain itu dapat meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor risiko terjadinya re-amputasi pada pasien kaki diabetik. Penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitik, didapatkan adanya kecenderungan penurunan jumlah kasus amputasi kaki diabetik di RSCM dari tahun 2009-2015. Level amputasi terbanyak yang dilakukan pada pasien kaki diabetik adalah amputasi minor pada level Ray. Trauma, neuropati perifer, nilai ABI ≤0,9, dan kadar HbA1c ≥7% merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya re-amputasi pada pasien kaki diabetik. trauma merupakan faktor risiko terbesar terjadinya reamputasi pada pasien kaki diabetik (p=0,000; OR 73,842; 95%CI 19,236-283,457). Jika semua faktor risiko tersebut dimiliki oleh pasien maka risiko kumulatif untuk dilakukan re-amputasi sebesar 100%.

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Diabetic mellitus is one of chronic diseases with high morbidity and mortality. One of complications of diabetic mellitus is foot diabetic. Based on data in Cipto Mangunkusumo General hospital, in 2011, prevalence of amputation for foot diabetic patients was 1,3%. Borkosky et al (2013) showed high incidence of reamputation among foot diabetic patients 19,8%. Re-amputation is highly cost and can increase morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Thus research needs to be done to find out risk factors of re-amputation among foot diabetic patients.

This research showed that foot diabetic amputation cases in RSCM had been decreased from 2009-2015. The most common amputation level was Ray amputation. Foot trauma, peripheral neuropathy, ABI score ≤0,9 and HbA1c level ≥7% are risk factors for re-amputation in foot diabetic patients. Foot trauma was the biggest risk factor for re-amputation in foot diabetic patients (p=0,000; OR 73,842; 95% CI 19,236-283,457). The cummulative risk factor for re-amputation for those who have all the risk factors is 100%."

"Pendahuluan: Neuropati diabetik merupakan komplikasi diabetes yang paling sering ditemukan dalam praktik sehari-hari. Gejala terutama dikeluhkan rasa nyeri atau baal pada kedua tungkai. Penyakit arteri perifer (PAP) juga merupakan komplikasi diabetes dengan manifestasi nyeri pada tungkai. Adanya neuropati dan PAP akan mempengaruhi gejala satu sama lain sehingga umumnya pasien akan datang dalam keadaan yang lebih berat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran klinis dan hasil pemeriksaan elektrodiagnostik neuropati diabetik dengan atau tanpa PAP.Metode: Studi ini bersifat deskriptif dengan metode potong lintang pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan neuropati berdasarakan Toronto clinical neuropathy score (TCNS). Pasien kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan elektrofisiologi (Kecepatan hantar saraf (KHS) dan sympathetic skin response (SSR)) untuk membuktikan adanya neuropati serta pemeriksaan ankle brachial index (ABI) dan toe brachial index (TBI) untuk mendiagnosis adanya PAP.Hasil: Sebanyak 46 subjek penelitian yang terdiri dari 22 laki-laki dan 24 perempuan. Rerata usia subjek penelitian adalah 63,09 (±9,98) tahun dengan rerata lama menderita diabetes 13,57 (±10,43) tahun. Kebanyakan pasien memiliki kontrol glikemik yang kurang baik dengan median HbA1C of 7,35 (min-max: 5,6-12,2). Didapatkan sebanyak 22 orang terdiagnosis PAP berdasarkan pemeriksaan TBI. Berdasarkan analisis bivariat didapatkan kemaknaan secara statistik antara adanya keluhan nyeri, rasa kram, lokasi nyeri, klaudikasio intermiten serta riwayat penyakit jantung koroner dengan adanya PAP (masing-masing p < 0,05).Kesimpulan: Adanya keluhan nyeri, rasa kram, lokasi nyeri, klaudikasio intermiten, serta riwayat penyakit jantung koroner dapat menunjukkan adanya kemungkinan PAP pada pasien neuropati diabetik.Kata kunci: neuropati diabetik, penyakit arteri perifer, kecepatan hantar saraf, respon kulit simpatetik

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Background: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes. Symptoms can be tingling, pain or numbness in the leg.(1) Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is also a complication of diabetes which can cause pain in the leg. The presence of DN and PAD affect each other, resulting in worse patient condition. The aim of this study to evaluate clinical characteristics and electrodiagnostic findings in diabetic neuropathy with and without PAD.Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study in type 2 diabetes mellitus patient with neuropathy based on Toronto clinical neuropathy score (TCNS). Patients were evaluated with electrodiagnostic study (nerve conduction study (NCS) and sympathetic skin response (SSR)) to confirm neuropathy and also ankle brachial index (ABI) and toe brachial index (TBI) to evaluate PAD.Results: a total of 46 subjects consisted of 22 male and 24 females include in this study. The mean age of the study population was 63,09 years (±9,98). The mean duration of diabetes in the study population was 13,57 years (±10,43). Most of the patients had poorly controlled diabetes with a median HbA1C of 7,35 (min-max: 5,6-12,2). Ten patients have PAD based on TBI examination. From bivariate analysis, there is statistically significant association between pain, cramp, pain location, intermittent claudication, and history of coronary arterial disease with the presence of PAD (p < 0,05).Kesimpulan: The presence of pain, cramp, pain location, intermittent claudication, and history of coronary arterial disease can predict the presence of PAD in DN patients.Keywords: diabetic neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, nerve conduction study, sympathetic skin response"

"[ABSTRAKPenderita neuropati perifer diabetik yang mengalami penurunan sensasi kaki dapatberakibat terjadinya luka diabetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitaskombinasi senam kaki diabetik dan terapi SPA terhadap peningkatan sensasi kakipada pasien dengan neuropati perifer diabetik. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuasiexperimental pretest-posttest design with control group dengan jumlah sample 35orang yang didapat dengan tehnik purposive sampling. Pengukuran sensasi kakidilakukan pada hari pertama minggu ke-1 dan hari terakhir minggu ke-4 perlakuan.Sampel penelitian yaitu pasien neuropati perifer diabetik dengan skor sensasi kakimaksimal 8. Hasil uji mann whitney menunjukkan ada perbedaan reratapeningkatan sensasi kaki yang diberikan kombinasi senam kaki diabetik dan terapiSPA dibandingkan hanya diberikan tindakan senam kaki diabetik (p value < 0.05).Tindakan kombinasi senam kaki diabetik dan terapi SPA lebih efektif dalammeningkatkan sensasi kaki yang akan berpengaruh terhadap menurunnya resikoluka pada pasien DM.

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ABSTRACTDiabetic peripheral neuropathy patients with decreasing in foot sensation willimpact on diabetic ulcers. This study aims to explore the effect of combinationbetween diabetic legs exercise and SPA therapy on foot sensitivity escalationamong patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. This study used quasiexperimentalpretest-posttest design with control group with 35 respondents andrecruited by purposive sampling methode. Data were collected from patients withperipheral diabetic neuropathy and had 8 maximum score of foot sensitivity.. Footsensitivity was measured on the 1st day of intervention and end day of intervention.Mann whitney test analysis showed significant differences on foot sensitivity withcombination of diabetic legs exercise and SPA therapy compare to diabetic legsexercise only (p value < 0.05). It can be inferred that combination of diabetic legsexercise and SPA therapy are more effective to increase legs sensitivity. Therefore,combined effect of those therapies may eventually decrease diabetic ulcers risk., Diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients with decreasing in foot sensation willimpact on diabetic ulcers. This study aims to explore the effect of combinationbetween diabetic legs exercise and SPA therapy on foot sensitivity escalationamong patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. This study used quasiexperimentalpretest-posttest design with control group with 35 respondents andrecruited by purposive sampling methode. Data were collected from patients withperipheral diabetic neuropathy and had 8 maximum score of foot sensitivity.. Footsensitivity was measured on the 1st day of intervention and end day of intervention.Mann whitney test analysis showed significant differences on foot sensitivity withcombination of diabetic legs exercise and SPA therapy compare to diabetic legsexercise only (p value < 0.05). It can be inferred that combination of diabetic legsexercise and SPA therapy are more effective to increase legs sensitivity. Therefore,combined effect of those therapies may eventually decrease diabetic ulcers risk.]"

"Diabetic neuropathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that is often overlooked, since there are often no subjective complaints during initial stages, and sensory deficit is often only found after objective examination.Diabetic neuropathy is defined by the San Antonio Concensus of 1988 as "clinical or subclinical neural disturbance that occurs in diabetes mellitus, with no signs of other peripheral neuropathy. Neuropathy may manifest on the somatic, peripheral, as well as autonomicic nervous systems."The incidence rate of diabetic neuropathy is reported to be 10-90%. Such high variation is due to differences in the diagnostic criteria or method to establish the diagnosis.Reports of peripheral neuropathy from various hospitals in Indonesia are as follows: Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital / Jakarta (1989) 68.16%, Hasan Sadikin Hospital (1989) 12.2%, Dr. Sutomo Hospital / Surabaya (1990) 52.21%, Dr. Pirngadi Hospital / Medan (1996) 18.05%, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital / Ujung Pandang (1997) 57.81%. Asril Bahar, Jakarta (1985), reported an incidence rate for parasympathetic autonomicic neuropathy of 11.9%, while Harsinen Sanusi, Ujung Pandang (1989) reported an incidence rate of 66.7%."

"Ulkus diabetik merupakan salah satu komplikasi kronis diabetes melitus (DM). Terjadinya ulkus diabetik diawali dengan adanya neuropati dan penyakit vaskular perifer sebagai dampak hiperglikemia serta adanya trauma akibat kurangnya pasien melakukan perawatan kaki. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kepatuhan pasien dengan kejadian ulkus diabetik dalam konteks asuhan keperawatan pada pasien DM di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan crossectional study. Jumlah sampel penelitian 88 responden terdiri dari 44 orang pasien DM dengan ulkus dan 44 orang pasien DM tanpa ulkus. Teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu consecutive sampling dan acak sederhana. Analisis statistik yang digunakan yaitu uji Chi Square dan regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara kepatuhan pasien DM (p=0,000), kepatuhan memonitor glukosa darah (p=0,000), diet (p=0,000), aktivitas (p=0,023), perawatan kaki (p=0,000), kunjungan berobat (p=0,000) dengan kejadian ulkus diabetik. Kepatuhan kunjungan berobat merupakan faktor paling dominan berhubungan dengan kejadian ulkus diabetik (OR=8,95). Karakteristik demografi jenis kelamin merupakan faktor pengganggu. Sedangkan umur, tingkat pendidikan dan status ekonomi bukan faktor pengganggu. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan antara ketidakpatuhan pasien DM dengan kejadian ulkus diabetik. Saran peneliti yaitu pasien perlu mendapat pendidikan kesehatan, pemeriksaan kaki secara teratur, pasien harus mematuhi terhadap saran petugas kesehatan. Perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan ketidakpatuhan pasien DM.

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Diabetic ulcer is one of chronic complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease are the beginning of ulcer, as the result of hyperglycemia condition, and a trauma caused by lack of foot care. The aim of this study is to identify the relation of patient adherence with diabetic ulcer occurance in the context of nursing care of patient with diabetes mellitus at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung. Crossectional study design was used in this study. The samples size were 88 patients with diabetes mellitus, consisted of 44 patients with diabetic ulcer and 44 patients without diabetic ulcer. Samples were selected by simple random and consecutive sampling technique. Chi Square and a multiple logistic regression were used to examine the relation of patient adherence with occurrence diabetic ulcers.

The result showed that there was a significant corelation of diabetes mellitus patient adherence (p=0,000), adherence of monitoring blood glucose level (p=0,000), diet (p=0,000), activities (p=0,023), foot care (p=0,000), and visiting health care provider (p=0,000) with diabetic ulcer occurence. Adherence of visiting health care provider was the most dominant factor related to diabetic ulcer occurence (OR=8,95). Sex was confounding factor. Whereas age, education and economic level were not confounding factors. It is concluded that there was a relationship between patient adherence and the occurance of diabetic ulcer. Recommendations of this research were patient need to get health education, regular foot examination, patient adherence to recommendations health care provider. Further research about factors related to nonadherence in diabetes mellitus patients need to be done."

"LATAR BELAKANG : Infeksi kaki diabetik (IKD) adalah salah satu penyulit diabetes melitus (DM) yang sangat ditakuti karena sulitnya perawatan dan sering berakhir dengan arnputasi kaki atau bahkan kematian. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan pengelolaan IKD adalah pemberian antibiotik empiris sebelum diketahui kuman penyebabnya. Asam lemak rantai pendek (ALRP) volatil adalah salah satu produk akhir fermentasi kuman yang memiliki kekhasan untuk kuman anaerob. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran jenis kuman penyebab IKD dan hasil kepekaan kuman terhadap antibiotik dan mengetahui profil ALRP volatil dari bahan biakan yang mengandung kuman aerob, anaerob dan campuran anaerob-aerob. METODE : Rancangan penelitian potong lintang dengan 52 subyek penderita IKD yang berobat ke Poliklinik Metabolik Endokrin Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Instalasai Gawat Darurat (IGD) RSCM dan Instalasi Rawat !nap IRNA RSCM dari buldn Maret-Desember 2004. Semua subyek yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian dilakukan pengambilan bahan pus dengan cara aspirasi pus; bahan jaringan nekrotik diperoleh dengan cara eksisi/kuretase jaringan. Pada bahan pusfaringan dilakukan pemeriksaan ALRP volatil dan biakan kuman aerob dan anaerob. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan menghitung proporsi kuman, kepekaan terhadap antibiotik dan ALRP volatil dari bahan biakan. HASIL : Pada penelitian ini, gambaran jenis kuman penyebab yang didapat dari bahan biakan penderita IKD adalah kuman aerob saja ditemukan pada 55 bahan biakan (92%), kuman campuran anaerob-aerob ditemukan pada 5 bahan biakdn (8%) dari tidak ditemukan kuman anaerob saja pada bahan biakan (0%). Kuman adrob Gram negatif tersering E.coli sensitif terhadap antibiotik amikasin, sefepim, fosfomisin dan imipenem. Kuman Gram positif tersering Saureus sensitif terhadap antibiotik kotrimoksasol, moksilin-klavulanat dan imipenem. Kuman anaerob sensitif terhadap antibiotik amoksilin-klavulanat, ampisilin-sulbaktam dan metFbnidazol. Dari profil ALRP volatil didapatkan median kadar asam asetat pada baheh, bI kan yang mengandung kuman aerob dan campuran anaerob-aerob adalah 1,11 (0,00 - 6,67) mEg/lOOmL dan 1,00 (0,56 - 1,67) mEg1100mL; median kadar asam propionait (P) dan butirat (B) pada bahan biakan yang mengandung kuman aerob dan kuman campuran anaerob-aerob berturutturut adalah (P) 0,48 (0,00 - 1,98) mEg/100mL ; (P) 0,73 (0,31 - 1,67) mEg/100mL dan (B) 0,21 (0,0 - 1,00) mEg/100mL; (B) 0,88 (0,56 - 1,0) mEg/100mL. KESIMPULAN : Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dibuktikan bahwa gambaran kuman penyebab yang diperoleh dari bahan biakan penderita IKD terdiri dari kuman aerob dan kuman campuran anaerob-aerob, Kuman E.coli sensitif terhadap antibiotik amikasin, sefepim dan fosfomisin. Kuman S.aureus sensitif terhadap kotrimoksasol, amolSsilinkiavulanat dan imipenem. Kuman anaerob sensitif terhadap antibiotik amoksilinkiavulanat, ampisilin-sulbaktam dan metronidazol. Didapatkan selisih median kadar yang cukup besar pada asam propionat dan butirat antara kelompok yang mengandung kuman aerob dan kuman campuran anaerob-aerob, namun kemaknaan selisih median kadar tersebut belum dapat ditentukan kemaknaannya oleh karena jumlah bahan biakan yang mengandung kuman anaerob belum mencukupi secara statistik. SARAN : Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai ALRP volatil pada penderita IKD dengan jumlah sampel kuman anaerob yang mencukupi. Penelilian lanjutan untuk mengetahui prevalensi kuman ESBL pada kuman penyebab IKD mengingat kemampuan resistensi kuman yang banyak terhadap antibiotik.

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BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is one of the most feared complication in diabetics due to the complicated management and often culminate in foot amputation even death. One of the factors affecting the success of DFI management is empirical antibiotic therapy before identification of causative organism. Volatile short chain fatty acid (SCFA) is one of the end product of bacterial fermentation which is specific for anaerobs. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of causative bacteria in DFI and bacterial susceptibility pattern against antibiotics, and to know the volatile SCFA profile of the culture specimen containing aerobic, anaerobic and mixed bacteria.

METHODS : This was a cross sectional study on 52 DFI patients from Policlinic of Metabolic & Endocrine Sub Division of Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Department and Internal Medicine Ward of RSCM from March until December 2004. Pus were obtained from all eligible subjects by aspiration; necrotic tissue by excision/tissue curetage. SCFA determination and culture was performed for each specimen. Data analysis was done descriptively by calculating the proportion of bacteria typ, susceptibility against antibiotics and volatile SCFA from culture specimen.

RESULT : in this study, the pattern of causative bacteria isolated from culture specimen of DFI patients was follow : aerobic organism only was found in 55 specimens (92%), mixed organism in 5 specimens (8%) and isolated anaerobic organism was not found (0%). The most prevalent negative Gram aerobic organism was Escherichia coil showed the highest sensitivity against amikacin, cefepime, fosfomycin, and imipenem. The most prevalent positive Gram aerobic organism was Staphylococcus aureus was most sensitive to cotrimoxazole, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and imipenem, while the anaerobs was most sensitive to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin-sulbactam and metronidazole. Volatile SCFA profile showed median acetic acid concentration in cultures with aerobic and mixed organism of 1.11 (0.00-6.67) mEq/IOOmL and 1.00 (0.56-1.67) mEq/lOOmL; median propionic (P)and butyric (B) acid concentration in cultures with aerobic and mixed organism were (P) 0.48 (0.00 - 1.98) mEq/IOOmL ; (P) 0.73 (0.31 - 1.67) mEq/IOOmL and (B) 0.21 (0.0 -1.00) mEg/lOOmL; (B) 0.88 (0.56 - 1.0) mEq/IOOmL respectively.

CONCLUSION : The result of this study proved that the causative organism isolated from DFI patients consisted of aerobic and mixed organism with the high susceptibility of aerobic organism to the antibiotics imipenem; anaerobic specimen was sensitive to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin-sulbactam and metronidazole. We found a substantial difference between the medians of propionic and butyric acid concentration in cultures with aerobic and mixed organism, but he significance of the difference could not yet be determine as the number of cultures with anaerobic organism did not suffice statistically.

SUGGESTIONS : Further larger scale study on volatile SCFA in DF1 patients is necessary. We suggest to do a further research to know the prevalence of ESBL in the etiology of DFl as it possesses a resistance to a wide variably of antibiotics."

"Prevalensi diabetes di Indonesia semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun dan sejalan dengan peningkatan keadaan sosial ekonomi. Diabetes tipe 2 disebabkan oleh resistensi insulin bersama-sama dengan defisiensi insulin. Kromium berpotensi meningkatkan kerja insulin dalam memindahkan glukosa kedalam sel. Selain itu diketahui bahwa kromium meningkatkan keterikatan insulin, jumlah reseptor insulin dan sensitivitas insulin pada tingkat seluler. Penelitian mengenai konsumsi kromium masih sangat jarang dilakukan, khususnya penelitian mengenai riwayat konsumsi kromium sebelum diagnosis diabetes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan asupan kromium dan faktor-faktor lain yang berhubungan dengan tingkat gula darah pada anggota Persadia Samarinda. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari sampai dengan Maret 2010. Data tingkat gula darah diperoleh dari hasil uji laboratorium. Asupan kromium, asupan protein, asupan vitamin C dan asupan serat diperoleh dari food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) yang diisi sendiri (self administrated). Pengukuran status gizi melalui pengukuran antropometri yaitu pengukuran berat badan dengan menggunakan timbangan elektronik/digital dan pengukuran tinggi badan dengan microtoise serta dilakukan perhitungan IMT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata asupan kromium anggota Persadia Samarinda masih berada di bawah standar RDA. Ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara jenis kelamin dengan status diabetes yaitu perempuan memiliki risiko 2,7 kali lebih rendah daripada laki-laki untuk menderita diabetes. Pada kelompok perempuan juga ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara umur dan pendidikan dengan status diabetes, perempuan dengan umur muda (19-50 tahun) memiliki resiko 2,4 kali lebih rendah daripada perempuan dengan umur > 50 tahun untuk menderita diabetes. Perempuan dengan pendidikan ≤ 9 tahun memiliki risiko 2,5 kali lebih tinggi untuk menderita diabetes dibanding perempuan dengan pendidikan > 9 tahun. Faktor yang paling dominan yang berhubungan dengan status diabetes adalah umur. Disarankan untuk mengembangkan materi edukasi mengenai diabetes, terutama bagi remaja karena diabetes merupakan penyakit degeneratif yang prevalensinya meningkat seiring pertambahan umur dan dengan demikian diperlukan upaya preventif sejak usia muda. Juga disarankan agar memasukkan materi kromium dan asupan protein dan vitamin C sebagai zat gizi yang dapat membantu pengikatan kromium sehingga reseptor insulin dapat aktif dan akhirnya insulin dapat bekerja lebih efektif pada tingkat sel dalam penyuluhan kepada anggota Persadia.

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Diabetic prevalence in Indonesia became higher by year to year and went along with increasing social economic condition. Diabetic type 2 was caused by insulin resistance together with insulin deficiency. Chromium was able to increase insulin in glucose movement activity into cell. Besides, it was known that chromium increased insulin binds, number of insulin receptor, and insulin sensitivity at cellular level. Studies concerning about chromium consumption was rarely done as yet, especially associated with historical chromium consumption before diabetic diagnose.

This research aimed to know the correlation between chromium intake and the other factors concerning with glucose level of the Members of Persadia Samarinda. This research was cross sectional by using quantitave analysis. It was held at February till March 2010. The data of glucose level were derived from the laboratory examination result. Chromium, protein, vitamin C, and fiber intakes were gained from Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) which already self-administrated. Nutrition assessment by using anthropometry which was body weight assessment with the use of digital or electric scale and height body with microtoise thus did IMT calculation.

The result of the research showed that the average chromium intake of Persadia Members at Samarinda was under level of RDA standard. It was founded that the significant correlation between sex and diabetic status which was for the women had 2.7 point lower risk than men to be diabetic. For the women group was also founded the high correlation between age and education with the diabetic condition, young women (age 19-50 years) had 2.4 point lower risk than women >50 years age to be diabetic. Women at education level < 9 years had 2.5 point higher risk to be diabetic than women at education level > 9 years. Dominant factor associated with diabetic status was age.

It was proposed to improve education material concerning about diabetic, especially for the teenagers because diabetic was degenerative disease where prevalence became higher as long age increasing; hence it needed preventive effort since young age. Additionally, it was proposed to add chromium material and protein intake as well vitamin C as a nutrient that able to help binding chromium so that insulin receptor became active and finally could work effectively at cell level in counseling activity to the Persadia Members."