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"Banteng (Bos javanicus d?Alton) is naturally distributed throughout Asia. In Indonesia this species can be found in Jawa, Bali, and Kalimantan. The current population is small, making it categorized as an endangered species. Protection measures have been implemented in such national parks as in West Bali, Ujung Kulon, Baluran, and Alas Purwo. Scientifically, this species is a genetic resource potential for further domestication purposes. In fact this species has been traditionally utilized as a cross-breeder for Bali Cattle which originated from Bos sondaicus. Banteng is typically a crespuscular species, but due to disturbances it sometimes becomes nocturnal. The species generally live in groups of 5 to 15 individuals, with only 2 to 3 steers in a group, although groups with only one steer is not unusual. The groups spend most ,of their time grazing in a pasture. Alas Purwo is a national park located in Sothern Banyuwangi, East Jawa, and initially gazetted as an area for animal protection. The total area of this national park is about 43420 hectares, but the Banteng is usually found grazing in Sadengan a pasture area with a size of about 20 hectares. This thesis consists of two papers, i.e.,Daily behaviour of banteng, and Habitat selection for feeding. Samples of banteng have been taken directly, using the concentrated method, whereas the grass samples have been taken by using quadrates of 100 x 100 cm2, totalling 100 plots. Observations have been carried out in two locations, i.e., location I: around the tower, and location II: nearby and adjacent to the mountaineous area. The studies have been conducted from January 1996 to June 1996. The paper entitled Daily behaviour of bantengs concluded that (1). The environment significantly affected the daily behaviour of the cows.(2). Frequency of cows in pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo broken as if indicator of disturbance. It is recommended that to increase grazing intensity of cows, habitat management should be maintained properly, particularly monitoring of wild dogs. The paper entitled Habitat selection for feeding, concluded : (1). Potential of grasses in pastures of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park was very low, (2)Location of grazing areas was concentrated in one location, and was related to the biomass of grasses as their food resource. It is recommended that (1). Pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park should be properly maintained, and (2). Grasses of Hyptis brevipes Porr. and Cassia Lora L. should be cut prior to flowering."

"Banteng jawa (Bos javanicus javanicus) merupakan spesies yang terancam punah akibat berbagai aktivitas manusia, sehingga perlu dilakukan konservasi secara ex-situ seperti di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Masalah baru, yaitu inbreeding, terjadi sehingga dilakukan pertukaran individu banteng jawa berdasarkan rekomendasi Global Species Management Plans (GSMP) untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku reproduksi dan interaksi banteng jawa jantan dan betina yang dipasangkan melalui program GSMP. Subjek penelitian ini adalah satu individu banteng jawa jantan (J1) asal Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, yang dipasangkan dengan satu banteng jawa betina (B1) asal Taman Safari Prigen, serta satu banteng jawa betina (B2) asal Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian dilakukan selama dua bulan (Januari—Maret 2024) sebanyak 5 (lima) kali dalam sepekan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval 5 (lima) menit tanpa jeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase perilaku harian tertinggi pada J1 dan B1 merupakan perilaku makan, diikuti dengan perilaku istirahat dan lokomosi. Persentase perilaku sosial positif, seperti approaching dan allogrooming, antara J1 dengan B1 tinggi, tetapi agonistic action juga cukup tinggi. Perilaku sosial yang paling dominan teramati merupakan perilaku approaching yang dilakukan J1 terhadap B1. Perilaku reproduksi berupa sniffing genitalia, licking genitalia, dan flehmen dapat teramati. Persentase perilaku reproduksi antara J1 dengan B1 yang dipasangkan lebih rendah dibandingkan J1 dengan B2, sedangkan perilaku mounting hingga kopulasi tidak teramati.

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Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) is a species that is categorized endangered due to various human activities that lead to the need for ex-situ conservation, such as in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Another problem that is inbreeding occurred, then the javan banteng were exchanged based on the recommendations of the Global Species Management Plans (GSMP) to solve this problem. This study aims to analyze the reproductive behavior and interactions of male and female javan banteng that was paired through the GSMP. The subject of this study was a male javan banteng (J1) from Taman Margasatwa Ragunan that was paired with a female javan banteng (B1) from Taman Safari Prigen, and a female javan banteng (B2) from Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. This study was conducted from January to March 2024 for 5 days a week. The research methods used were scan sampling and ad libitum with 5 minutes intervals without pause. The results showed that the highest percentage of daily behavior of J1 and B1 was eating behavior, followed by resting and locomotion behavior. Percentage of positive social behaviors, such as approaching and allogrooming between J1 and B1 was high, but the agonistic actions was also quite high. The most dominant social behavior observed was approaching behavior of J1 towards B1. Reproductive behaviors such as sniffing genitalia, licking genitalia, and flehmen were observed. Reproductive behaviors between J1 and B1, that was paired, are found lower than J1 and B2. Mounting and copulation behavior were not observed."