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"Heavy metals pollution in lakes has been generally occurred which is mainly attributed to the intensive anthropogenic activities surround them. The aim of this study was to obtain bacterial isolates for Pb bioremoval in waste water treatment system as well as Pb contaminated lakes water. Sediment samples were taken from Situ Cipondoh and Situ Pamulang in 3 December 2008. Bacteria were grown in Nutrient Agent (NA) medium containing Pb ions varied in 10, 25 and 50 mg/L concentration. Bacterial growth was observed in 24-48 hours. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GrAAS) was used to determine remaining Pb ion content in medium and in bacterial biomass after extraction digestions process using aqua regia and hydrogen peroxide 30 percent solutions mixtures at 121~�C and 15 Psig for 30 minutes. Recovery value using Certified Refence Material SRM-NIST-1515. Apple leaves measurement was 99.8 percent. The results show that bacterial isolates originated from situ Cipondoh and SituPamulang sediments were bot able to grow in medium containing 50 mg Pb/L, however bacterial isolated of situ Pamulang sediment can survive in medium containing 10 and 25 mgPb/L respectively in bacterial isolate of OP1N10, OP2N10, OP1N25, OP2N25, OP1N50 and OP2N50. Bacterial isolate from situ Pamulang grown medium (100 percent) possessed by OP1N10 isolate. The highest accumulation of Pb in bacterial cells (22.75 ~kg/g dry weight) found in OP1N25 isolate."

"Potensi Indonesia sebagai salah satu penghasil minyak cengkeh terbesar di dunia didukung dengan pengembangan perkebunan cengkeh di Indonesia. Sulawesi Utara merupakan provinsi penghasil minyak cengkeh di Indonesia. Desa Liandok yang berada pada kabupaten Minahasa Selatan, provinsi Sulawesi Utara memiliki area perkebunan cengkeh yang luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi gen ech dan gen fcs pada bakteri tanah dari perkebunan cengkeh Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan. Bakteri tanah dari perkebunan cengkeh di Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan diisolasi dengan beberapa medium selektif. Ektraksi DNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan Geneaid PrestoTM Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit. Isolasi genom dari ekstraksi DNA dilakukan dengan elektroforesis gel agarosa. Primer forward dan primer reverse didesain dengan multiple alignment sekuens yang menyandi gen ech dan gen fcs dari bakteri Pseudomonas sp. pada data NCBI GenBank. Analisis PCR dilakukan melalui primer forward dan primer reverse untuk mendeteksi gen ech dan gen fcs pada isolat. Selanjutnya, amplikon dianalisis dengan elektroforesis gel agarosa untuk menunjukan pita pada daerah gen ech dan gen fcs. Analisis secara molekuler dilakukan dengan mengamplifikasi gen 16S rRNA dengan metode PCR menggunakan primer universal 27F dan 534R dan dilanjutkan dengan sekuensing terhadap gen 16S rRNA. Langkah terakhir, yaitu dilakukan analisis hasil sekuensing menggunakan metode BLAST di NCBI. Keberadaan gen ech dan gen fcs pada isolat bervariasi. Sembilan isolat dari total 22 isolat memiliki gen ech dan gen fcs. Hasil BLAST terhadap urutan nukleotida gen 16S rRNA dari tiga isolat yang disekuensing mempunyai kesamaan 99% dengan bakteri Pseudomonas nitroreducens dan satu isolat mempunyai kesamaan 96% dengan Pseudomonas denitrificans. Sebagai kesimpulan, bakteri tanah pada perkebunan cengkeh di Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan memiliki gen ech dan gen fcs yang berpotensi untuk melakukan konversi eugenol menjadi vanillin.

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Indonesias potential as worlds largest clove oil producer is supported by the development of clove plantations in Indonesia. North Sulawesi is a province that playing the biggest role in producing clove oil in Indonesia. Desa Liandok is located in Minahasa Selatan, North Sulawesi which has a large areal of clove oil plantation. This study was aimed to characterize ech and fcs genes in soil bacteria from clove plantation in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa which has the potential to bioconvert eugenol to vanillin. The soil bacteria from clove plantations in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa was isolated using selective mediums. DNA extraction was carried out using Geneaid PrestoTM Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit. The isolated genomes from DNA extraction were analyzed and carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis. Both primers for PCR were designed by aligning multiple ech and fcs genes sequences of Pseudomonas sp. in NCBI GenBank data. PCR analysis was performed within forward and reverse primers to detect ech and fcs genes in the isolate. Furthermore, the amplicons was analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis to show ech and fcs genes bands. Molecular analysis was carried out by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene with the PCR method using universal primers 27F and 534R and continued with sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The last step was to analyze the result of DNA sequencing using BLAST method in NCBI. The existence of ech and fcs genes in each isolate were varied. BLAST analysis against nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene from three isolates that were sequenced possess 99% similarities with Pseudomonas nitroreducens and one isolate possesses 96% similarities with Pseudomonas denitrificans. Nine out of 22 isolates contained both fcs and ech genes. To conclude, soil bacterias in clove plantation in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa have ech and fcs genes which have the potential to bioconvert eugenol to vanillin."

"Prevalensi kematian akibat diare pada bayi dan balita yang tinggi dapat disebabkan oleh Serratia marcescens. Prevalensi kematian akibat pneumonia pada bayi dan balita dapat disebabkan oleh Klebsiella pneumoniae. Prevalensi penyakit endokarditis infektif dapat disebabkan oleh Staphylococcus epidermidis. Namun, resistensi antibiotik menjadi masalah yang serius sehingga dilakukan eksplorasi pada tanaman masoyi yang merupakan tanaman endemik dari Papua. Minyak atsiri dari kulit kayu masoyi yang diperoleh dengan metode distilasi uap dilaporkan berpotensi menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus dan Bacillus cereus. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan determinasi tanaman, pengumpulan dan penyerbukan simplisia kulit kayu masoyi, uji mikroskopik, ekstraksi minyak atsiri dengan metode distilasi air, uji fitokimia golongan terpenoid dan uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Minyak atsiri dibuat ke beberapa konsentrasi dengan melarutkan minyak atsiri dengan DMSO dan PEG 400. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode zona hambat (metode difusi cakram) dan metode konsentrasi hambat minimal (makrodilusi) terhadap Klebsiela pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hasil metode zona hambat menunjukkan minyak atsiri dengan pelarut DMSO terhadap K.pneumoniae berpotensi lemah (1-1,25 mm) sedangkan, terhadap S.marcescens (10,625-13,25 mm) dan S.epidermidis (11,75- 14,5 mm) berpotensi kuat. Minyak atsiri dengan pelarut PEG 400 terhadap K.pneumoniae (5-9,75 mm), S.marcescens (5,5-8,25 mm) dan S.epidermidis (4,625-7,5 mm) berpotensi sedang. Hasil metode makrodilusi menunjukkan nilai KHM minyak atsiri Cryptocarya massoy (Oken) Kosterm terhadap K.pneumoniae = 125 µg/mL, S.marcescens = 62,5 µg/mL dan S.epidermidis = 31,25 - 15,625 µg/mL.

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The high prevalence of death from diarrhea in infants and toddlers can be caused by Serratia marcescens. The prevalence of death from pneumonia in infants and toddlers can be caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prevalence of infective endocarditis can be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. However, antibiotic resistance is a serious problem, so an exploration of the masoyi plant, which is an endemic plant from Papua, was carried out. Essential oil from masoyi bark obtained by steam distillation method has the potential to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus as reported. In this study, plant determination, collection and pollination of masoyi bark simplicia, microscopic test, extraction of essential oils by water distillation method, phytochemical test of terpenoids and antibacterial activity tests against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus epidermidis were carried out. The essential oil was made into several concentrations by dissolving the essential oil with DMSO and PEG 400. The antibacterial activity was tested using the zone of inhibition method (disk diffusion method) and the minimal inhibitory concentration method (macrodilution) against Klebsiela pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results of the inhibition zone method showed that essential oils with DMSO as solvent were potentially weak against K.pneumoniae (1-1.25 mm) while against S.marcescens (10.625-13.25 mm) and S.epidermidis (11.75-14.5 mm). mm) potentially strong. Essential oil with solvent PEG 400 against K. pneumoniae (5-9.75 mm), S. marcescens (5.5-8.25 mm) and S. epidermidis (4.625-7.5 mm) has moderate potential. The results of the macrodilution method showed the MIC value of Cryptocarya massoy (Oken) Kosterm essential oil against K.pneumoniae = 125 g/mL, S.marcescens = 62.5 g/mL and S.epidermidis = 31.25 - 15,625 g/mL.

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