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"Arab Spring yang bermula di Tunisia merupakan awal baru bagi Tunisia melepaskan diri dari pemerintahan diktaktor di bawah rezim Ben Ali. Revolusi ini melambungkan nama seorang sosok Rachid Ghannouchi yang dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai perannya dalam masa transisi demokrasi di Tunisia pasca Arab Spring. Tujuan penilitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sosok Rachid Ghannouchi dan perannya dalam transisi demokrasi di Tunisia pasca Arab Spring. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan dua jenis. Pertama, pengumpulan data primer melalui wawancara tidak langsung, selain wawancara data primer didapat dari buku-buku karya Rachid Ghannouchi. Kedua, pengumpulan data sekunder diperoleh melalui beberapa kajian pustaka salah satunya buku, penelitian terdahulu, artikel, jurnal dan informasi dari media elektronik. Penelitian ini menerapkan teori kepemimpinan dan teori peran yang digunakan untuk menganalisa siapa sosok Rachid Ghannouchi dan perannya pasca Arab Spring. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan didapat hasil berupa Rachid Ghannouchi memiliki peran dalam menjembatani pihak sekularis dan islamis di Tunisia pada masa transisi demokrasi pasca Arab Spring. Sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini bisa menjawab permasalahan dan hasilnya bisa dijadikan acuan atau literasi dalam aktivitas akademik.

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The Arab Spring which began in Tunisia is a new movement for Tunisia to break away from the dictatorial government under Ben Ali's regime. This revolution catapulted the name of a figure of Rachid Ghannouchi, who in this study will discuss his role in the transition period of democracy in Tunisia after the Arab Spring. The purpose of this study was to find out the figure of Rachid Ghannouchi and his role in the transition to democracy in Tunisia after the Arab Spring. Ellipsis data collection is done in two types. First, primary data collection was obtained through indirect interviews and several books by Rachid Ghannouchi. Second, secondary data collection was obtained through several literature studies, such as books, previous research, articles, journals and information from electronic media. The researcher used the theory of the leadership and the role theory used to analyze who the figure of Rachid Ghannouchi and his role after the Arab Spring. Based on the research conducted, the results obtained in the form of Rachid Ghannouchi have a role in bridging secularists and Islamists in Tunisia during the democratic transition period after the Arab Spring. So the purpose of this study can answer the problem and the results can be used as a reference or literacy in academic activities."

"Latar belakang penulisan karya ilmiah ini berawal dari ketertarikan penulis tentang fenomena Arab Spring yang menjadi awal kemunculan dari konflik-konflik yang terjadi di Timur Tengah, khususnya Suriah. Konflik-konflik ini mengakibatkan penduduk Suriah harus mengungsi di negara lain. Jerman menjadi negara Eropa pertama yang menerima para pengungsi Suriah dengan tangan terbuka. Hal ini berbeda dengan tanggapan negara-negara Timur Tengah yang tidak terlalu terbuka dalam menerima para pengungsi Suriah. Dalam penulisan karya ilmiah ini, penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif. Penulis menggunakan metode ini dengan pendekatan studi pustaka yang bersumber dari surat kabar, jurnal, dan buku mengenai pengungsi Suriah di Jerman. Temuan sementara yang penulis dapat sampaikan bahwa alasan penduduk Suriah mengungsi di Jerman antara lain karena perang saudara dan juga fenomena ISIS yang muncul di negara tersebut. Para pengungsi ini memilih negara Jerman untuk dijadikan tempat mengungsi karena Jerman sangat terbuka dalam menerima pengungsi. Hal ini dilakukan Jerman karena pengalaman di masa lalu yang pernah merasakan menjadi pengungsi dan juga pernah menampung pengungsi dalam jumlah besar. Para pengungsi Suriah di Jerman tidak hanya ditangani oleh pemerintah Jerman saja, akan tetapi lembaga UNHCR juga turut berperan dalam menangani para pengungsi. Hingga saat ini terdapat beberapa masalah yang dirasakan oleh para pengungsi Suriah di Jerman, namun tidak menghalangi mereka untuk tetap tinggal di sana.

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This journal is written based on Arab Spring phenomenon around the Middle East. This phenomenon became the beginning of the conflicts in the Middle East especially in Syria. These conflicts led to Syrian people must be fled in other countries. Germany became the first European country that receives Syrian refugees with an open arms. Contrast with the responses of the Middle Eastern countries that are not too open in accepting Syrian refugees. This journal uses descriptive method. The author uses this method with the approach of literature sourced from newspapers, thesis, and books about the Syrian refugees in Germany. The research results in the hypothesis that the Syrian refugees reasons to flee in Germany are because the civil war and ISIS phenomenon in that state. The Syrian people choose Germany to be an assylum for them is because Germany accepting them with open arms. Germany did that based on their history and experience in accepting refugees. Syrian refugees in Germany are not only handled by the government, but UNHCR also played a role in handling the refugees. Until now there are some problems perceived by the Syrian refugees in Germany, but it did not deter them to stay there."

"Periode pasca-Arab Spring telah menjadi sebuah arena politik dimana partai-partai Islamis memainkan peran yang relatif signifikan dalam transisi politik demokratis di Timur Tengah. Meski banyak pihak menafsirkan adopsi kalangan Islamis atas nilai-nilai demokrasi sebagai sekedar upaya pragmatis, taktis, dan minim ketulusan, persoalan Islam dan demokrasi telah menjadi perhatian beberapa pemikir Islamis berpengaruh bahkan beberapa dekade sebelum pecahnya Arab Spring. Mengkaji Islamisme lebih sebagai sebuah tradisi pemikiran, penelitian ini berupaya menelusuri genealogi pemikiran kalangan Islamis mengenai demokrasi pada tradisi pemikiran Islam modernis hingga munculnya kelompok yang dikenal sebagai “neo-Islamis”. Berbarengan dengan analisis terhadap aspek-aspek doktrinal dari pemikiran kalangan Islamis, penelitian ini akan mendemonstrasikan bagaimana perdebatan intra-Islamis mengenai teologi politik tertentu dapat menimbulkan perbedaan-perbedaan penting, baik secara ideologis maupun politis. Hal ini dilakukan dengan melihat pada praktik politik partai-partai Islamis di Mesir, Tunisia, dan Maroko. Studi ini mendapati adanya kontinuitas sekaligus perubahan pada pemikiran kalangan Islamis mengenai demokrasi dari tradisi pemikiran Islam modernis dan menganalisis bagaimana hal ini memengaruhi trayek politik partai-partai Islamis di tiga negara tersebut setelah Arab Spring. Meski terdapat ambivalensi terhadap gagasan demokrasi, bahkan kecenderungan anti-demokrasi, di kalangan Islamis awal; periode pasca-Arab Spring menegaskan mungkinannya upaya rekonsiliasi antara pemikiran Islamisme dan aspek-aspek demokrasi tertentu.

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The post-Arab Spring period had been a political arena where Islamist parties played relatively significant roles in the democratic political transition in the Middle East. Despite the fact that many have interpreted the adoption of democratic values by Islamist parties as merely pragmatic, tactical effort and lacking sincerity, the question of Islam and democracy had been discussed by some prominent Islamist thinkers, even decades before the break of the Arab Spring. Approaching Islamism more as an intellectual tradition, the present study seeks to trace the genealogy of Islamist thought on the issue of democracy in the discourses of some Islamic modernist thinkers until the emergence of the so called “new-Islamist”, in the years prior to the Arab Spring. Along with an analysis on the doctrinal aspects of Islamist thought, this study will then demonstrate how intra-Islamist debates on certain political theology can cast light on important differences among Islamists themselves, both ideologically and politically. This will be done by looking at the politics of Islamist parties in Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco. The study notices the existence of both continuity and change in the Islamist thought on democracy from the Islamic modernist tradition and analyzes how they affect the different political trajectories of Islamist parties in those three countries in the aftermarth of the Arab Spring. Eventhough there had been an ambivalence attitude, or even a hostile tendency, toward democracy among the early Islamists; the post-Arab Spring has confirmed the possibility of reconciliation between Islamist political thought and certain aspects of democracy"

"Arab Springs telah dikenal luas di seluruh penjuru negri arab bahkan dunia international, Arab Springs adalah rangkaian protes dan gelombang demonstrasi di seluruh Timur Tengah dan kawasan Afrika atau dikenal juga dengan Kebangkitan Arab atau ‘Pemberontakan Arab’. Pada awalnya pemberontakan terjadi di negara Tunisia lalu menjalar ke negara negara Afrika Utara dan para masyarakat negara Arab lainya di kawasan Asia yang ikut melakukan hal yang serupa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi studi kepustakaan dan penelitian sejarah dan teori pembaruan pemerintah . Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah gerakan- gerakan pemberontakan di berbagai negara arab yang menuntut adanya perubahan dalam tatanan pemerintahan negara tersebut meliputi negara Tunisia, Mesir dan Suriah.

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Arab Springs has been widely known across the Arab country and even internationally, Arab Springs is a series of protests and demonstrations across the Middle East and Africa region also known as Arab Awakening or 'Arab Revolt'. At first revolt took place in Tunisia and spread to countries countries of North Africa and the Arab countries other communities in the region who participated did a similar thing.

This study used a literature study and historical research methode and government renewal theory. The results of this study are rebellion movements in the variety of Arab countries that require changes in the governance structure of the country covering states of Tunisia, Egypt and Syria."

"Jurnal ini dibuat untuk mencari tahu dan menjelaskan tentang fenomena arab spring. Pada awal 2011 dunia menyaksikan perubahan situasi politik di Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara. Di mulai dari demonstrasi di Tunisia pada rezim politik di di bawah kepemimpinan Ben Ali sebagai presiden Tunisia pada awal Januari. Peristiwa ini dengan segera menyebar ke Mesir, Yaman, dan Libya kemudian pada beberapa negara di Timur Tengah dan AfrikaUtara. Tidak adanya praktek demokrasi melanggar hak asasi manusia dan politik terror yang di lakukan oleh rezim arab ini selama beberapa dekade, berujung pada munculnya kebencian kepada pemerintahan tirani dan korup.sampai sekarang, banyak negara yang masih berusaha untuk menggulingkan rezim pemerintahan ini, sedangkan beberapa negara lain masih dalam proses transisi demokrasi.

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This paper was held to find and explain about the Arab Spring phenomeonon. The first half of 2011 the world witnessed political transformation of Middle East and North Africa. Beginning with Tunisia`s protests to the political regime under leadership of Ben Ali as Tunisa`s president in early January. This momentum soon spread out to Egypt, Yaman and Libya then to several countries in Middle East and North Africa, an utter lack of democratic practices violence of human rights and a politic of terror employed by these Arab regimes for many decades, which can cause hatred, and led to growing resentment to the corrupt and dictatorship government. Until today many countries still fight to overthrown the regimes, others are in the process of democratic transisition."

"The central theme of this volume is change; its causes, consequences, and processes. The authors use diverse frameworks to analyze nationally representative sample data from Middle Eastern and North African countries. Their objectives are (a) to understand cross-national variation and trends in values and perceptions, and the extent to which this variation is affected by age; (b) to assess the empirical correlates of different modalities of change, lay perspectives on development and morality as well as peoples varying understanding of the meanings of traditional and modern family; (c) to employ social-scientific perspective in explaining cross-national and individual variation in political engagement, participations in the movement of the Arab Spring, varying political outcomes in Egypt and Tunisia, and the failure of revolutionary movements and the predictors of autocratic recidivism; and (d) to address the methodological issues and challenges in carrying out empirical research in the Middle East and North Africa."

"This volume is a lively and scholarly illustrated account of the tumultuous events in key countries in the Middle East and North Africa during and since the period of the Arab Spring that began in December 2010."