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"This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the emerging fields of neurolinguistics and linguistic aphasiology. Reflecting the dramatic changes that have taken place in the study of language disorders over the last decade, David Caplan's approach is firmly interdisciplinary. He introduces concepts from the main contributing disciplines, neurology, linguistics, psychology and speech pathology, in such a way that they will be clearly understood by all students, whatever their particular background. The topics covered have been carefully selected to demonstrate how the more sophisticated topical neurolinguistic approaches have developed from traditional clinical models. "

"style="text-align: justify;">Ketelisan dan referensi waktu yang ditandai dengan konstelasi afiks dan verba dilaporkan sulit bagi penutur agrammatik dalam lintas bahasa fleksi (Platonov & Bastiaanse, 2015). Dengan demikian, PAst DIscourse Linking Hyphothesis (PADILIH; Bastiaanse et al, 2011) mengklaim bahwa referensi waktu mengacu pada bentuk lampau menjadi kendala dan Aspect Assingment Model (AAM; Bastiaanse & Platonov, 2015) mengklaim bahwa kombinasi struktur argumen (transitivitas & ketelisan) dan referensi waktu sulit bagi penutur agrammatik. Diperkirakan bahwa fenomena serupa diamati dalam bahasa Indonesia aglutinatif (Larasati et al., 2011; Bahasa Indonesia / BI). Selanjutnya, mengisi celah pada metode rehabilitasi di TADIR (Tes Afasia untuk Diagnosis, Informasi, dan Rehabilitasi; Dharmaperwira-Prins, 1996), yang saat ini belum memiliki pedoman standar, menarik untuk memeriksa ketelisan dan referensi waktu pada penutur agrammatik. Ketelisan dalam BI mengacu pada dua parameter meliputi kedinamisan dan keduratifan (Nurhayati, 2011), sementara referensi waktu ditandai oleh adverbia aspektual dan leksikal temporal (Sneddon, 1996). 14 partisipan terbagi menjadi tujuh penutur agrammatik sebagaimana ditentukan berdasarkan TADIR dan tujuh penutur normal diuji dengan Sentence Production Priming Verbal (SPP-verbal; Bastiaanse & Platonov, 2015) dan Test for Assessing Reference of Time (TART; Bastiaanse et al., 2008). Kalimat penyusun instrumen yang divalidasi berpola subjek + verba (transitif & taktransitif) dalam bentuk turunan (Alwi et al., 2010). Hasil analisis kuantitatif dalam tugas produksi dan pemahaman ketelisan menunjukkan bahwa verba telis adalah sulit bagi penutur agrammatik dibandingkan verba atelis. Verba transitif meN--kan lebih terkendala dibandingkan verba transitif meN- dan verba taktransitif meN-. Sementara performa terhadap verba atelis menunjukkan bahwa verba transitif meN--i lebih sulit daripada verba transitif meN- dan verba taktransitif ber-. Secara kualitatif, umumnya kendala didominasi oleh omisi afiks. Kemudian, berdasarkan analisis kuantitatif dalam tugas produksi dan pemahaman referensi waktu, kinerja penutur agrammatik terutama mengacu pada bentuk lampau dan perfektif terhitung lebih rendah dibandingkan future dan imperfektif. Kendala tersebut secara kualitatif didominasi oleh subtitusi referensi waktu dan kesalahan verba. Hasil penelitian, sejalan dengan hipotesis PADILIH baik dalam tugas produksi dan pemahaman, menunjukkan bahwa referensi waktu terutama merujuk ke masa lalu yang membutuhkan penghubungan wacana cenderung sulit. Kinerja penutur agrammatik lebih rendah daripada kelompok kontrol dalam tugas adverbia aspektual dan leksikal temporal. Namun, hipotesis AAM tidak dapat sepenuhnya digeneralisasi, sebab ketelisan dan referensi waktu dalam BI tidak saling melengkapi (Montolalu, 2003). Kontribusi klinis untuk TADIR, adalah evaluasi terhadap kesulitan verba turunan dan referensi waktu, dan metode adaptif dengan memanipulasi serangkaian tes yang melibatkan tiga kerangka kewaktuan dan penekanan verba turunan sebagai upaya membangun keutuhan kalimat (lihat Webster & Whitwort, 2012).

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style="text-align: justify;">Telicity and time reference marked by the constellation of affixes and verbs are reported to be difficult for agrammatic speakers in cross-inflectional-language (Platonov & Bastiaanse, 2015). Thus, the PAst DIscourse Linking Hyphothesis (PADILIH; Bastiaanse et al, 2011) claims that time reference referring to past is difficult and the Aspect Assingment Model (AAM; Bastiaanse & Platonov, 2015) claims that the combination of argument structure (transitivity & telicity) and time reference is relatively difficult for agrammatic speakers. It is predicted that a similar phenomenon is observed in the agglutinative Indonesian (Nurhayati, 2011; Bahasa Indonesia/BI). Furthermore, filling in the gap on rehabilitation method in TADIR (Aphasia Test for Diagnosis, Information and Rehabilitation; Dharmaperwira-Prins, 1996), which currently has no standard guidelines, it is interesting to examine telicity and time reference in agrammatic speakers. BI verbs have the potential to indicate telicity through inherent meaning by referring to the two semantic parameters including dynamism and durativity (Nurhayati, 2011), while time reference is simultaneously marked by adverbial and temporal adverbs (Sneddon, 1996). Fourteen participants divided into seven agrammatic speakers as determined based on the TADIR, and seven speakers without language impairment were tested with Test for Assessing Reference of Time (TART; Bastiaanse et al., 2008) and Verbal Sentence Production (SPP-verbal; Bastiaanse & Platonov, 2015). The validated sentences have the patterns of subject + verb (transitive & intransitive) in basic and derived verb forms (Alwi et al., 2010). The results of quantitative analysis in the task of production and comprehension of telicity show that telic verbs are more difficult for agrammatic speakers than atelic verbs. The most difficult are transitive verbs with meN--kan. Futhermore, examination on atelic verbs show that transitive verbs with meN-i are more difficult than transitive verbs with meN- and intransitive verbs with ber-. Qualitatively, difficulties are generally demonstrated by affix omissions. Then, based on quantitative analysis in production and comprehension of time reference, the performance of agrammatic speakers referrings to past and perfective forms are lower than imperfects and futures. These difficulties are qualitatively dominated by time reference substitutions and verb errors. The results of the study, in line with the PADILIH hypothesis both in production and comprehension tasks, show that referring to the past that requires discourse linking tends to be difficult. The performance of agrammatic speakers is lower than that of the control group in both temporal and lexical adverb tasks. However, the AAM hypothesis cannot be fully generalized, because telicity and time reference in BI are not complementary (Montolalu, 2003). As regards the clinical contribution for TADIR, an evaluation of the difficulty of derived verbs and time reference, and an adaptive method by manipulating a series of tests that involves three time frames and stresses on especially the forms of derived verbs as an effort to build sentence integrity are proposed (see Webster & Whitwort, 2012)."

"Latar belakang: Seiring kemajuan alat pencitraan di bidang neurologi, telah ditemukan banyak lokasi lesi sindrom afasia diluar lokasi klasiknya. Regio yang berkaitan dengan fungsi bahasa tidak hanya terkait dengan gray matter namun juga white matter tract yang menghubungkan antar regio bahasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan proporsi antara lokalisasi lesi klasik dan non klasik pada sindrom afasia dengan menggunakan MRI dan DTI.Metode: Desain penelitian cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dengan tekhnik consecutive sampling pada pasien sindrom afasia yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Dilakukan pemeriksaan afasia yang disetujui oleh 2 pakar dan penilaian MRI DTI dengan jeda maksimal 2 hari.Hasil: Dari seluruh sindrom afasia didapatkan proporsi lokalisasi klasik 40% dan non klasik 60%. Terdapat perbandingan proporsi yang signifikan antara lokasi klasik dan non klasik pada afasia konduksi dibandingkan afasia global dan afasia anomik dengan nilai p < 0.05. Lokasi klasik pada afasia konduksi secara signifikan lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan lokasi klasik pada afasia global dan afasia anomik.Kesimpulan: Pada studi pendahuluan ini dari seluruh sindrom afasia didapatkan lokalisasi non klasik lebih banyak dibandingkan lokalisasi klasiknya, masih dibutuhkan pengumpulan sampel lebih lanjut untuk dapat melakukan uji analitik yang mewakili populasi penelitian.

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Background: Along with advances in neurology imaging technology, many locations of aphasia syndrome lesions have been found outside the classic location. Regions related to language function are not only related to gray matter but also white matter tracts that connect between language regions. This study aims to determine the difference in proportion between the localization of classic and non-classical lesions in aphasia syndrome using MRI and DTI.

Methods: The study design was cross-sectional. Sampling was taken using consecutive techniques in patients with aphasia syndrome who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The aphasia examination which approved by 2 experts and the MRI-DTI assessment was carried out within 2 days intervals.

Results: From all aphasia syndromes, the proportion of classic and non-classical localization is 40% and 60%. There is a significant proportion comparison between classic and non-classical locations in conduction aphasia compared to global aphasia and anomic aphasia with p-value <0.05. The classical location of conduction aphasia is significantly more than the classical location of global aphasia and anomic aphasia.

Conclusion: In this preliminary study, were found more non-classical localizations of aphasia syndrome, than its classical localizations. Further sample collection is still needed to carry out analytical tests that more representative with study population."

"Stres akibat kesulitan berkomunikasi tidak hanya dialami pasien stroke yang mengalami afasia, tetapi keluarga yang melakukan perawatan juga merasakan stres. Stres ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh pengetahuan tentang afasia dan dukungan sosial yang dimiliki keluarga. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan tentang afasia dan dukungan sosial dengan tingkat stres pada keluarga pasien stroke yang mengalami afasia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan 79 anggota keluarga pasien stroke yang mengalami afasia pada dua rumah sakit di Bukittinggi. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu kuesioner tentang afasia, The Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey dan Perceived Stress Scale. Hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan uji Spearman Rank didapatkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara tingkat pengetahuan tentang afasia dengan stres keluarga p=0,006. Kemudian tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara dukungan sosial dengan stres keluarga p=0,883. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan pentingnya menilai stres pada keluarga pasien stroke dengan afasia dan meningkatkan pengetahuan keluarga tentang afasia sehingga stres dapat diatasi.

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Stress due to communication difficulties is affecting both stroke patients with aphasia and family member who takes on caregiver role. The stress may be affected by knowledge on aphasia and social support of family. This study aimed to identify relationship between family's level of knowledge on aphasia, social support, and stress level in family of stroke patient with aphasia. The study design was cross sectional with total sample of 79 families of stroke patients with aphasia in two hospitals in Bukittinggi. Questionnaire of aphasia, The Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey and Perceived Stress Scale were employed in this study. The result of Spearman Rank analysis indicated that there was a significant correlation between family's level of knowledge on aphasia and family stress p 0,006 and there was no significant correlation between social support and family stress p 0,883. This study suggested the significance of stress assessment on family of stroke patient with aphasia and improving family's knowledge on aphasia in order to cope with the stress perceived."

"Latar Belakang: Afasia merupakan sindroma klinis gangguan fungsi bahasa dimana terdapat gangguan pada pusat bahasa di hemisfer dominan.3 Tes Afasia untuk Diagnosis, Informasi dan Rehabilitasi (TADIR) hingga saat ini belum pernah dilakukan uji diagnostik, dan tidak jarang dari hasil pemeriksaan didapatkan ketidakcocokan hasil tipe afasia dengan memperhitungkan skor dalam TADIR dibandingkan dengan pemeriksaan langsung oleh ahli Neurobehavior. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan proporsi tipe afasia berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan TADIR dibandingkan ekspertise ahli Neurobehavior.Metode: Jenis penelitian retrospektif dengan populasi penelitian rekam medis dengan diagnosis afasia di Poliklinik Neurologi Fungsi Luhur RSUP Nasional Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo, periode Januari 2019-Juni 2022. Metode yang digunakan consecutive sampling dan analisis data menggunakan SPSS.Hasil: Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas TADIR subtes A yakni 97,6% dan 21%. NDP dan NDN TADIR subtes A yakni 88,9% dan 57,1%. Subtes B sensitivitas dan spesifisitas tertinggi 77,7% dan 100%. NDP dan NDN tertinggi subtes B 100% pada 12,5% subjek dan 98,2% pada 2 % subjek, aktualisasi nilai kurang baik.Kesimpulan: TADIR dibutuhkan sebagai tujuan skrining afasia bukan bertujuan sebagai alat diagnostik. Diperlukan instrumen baru yang dapat menggantikan TADIR subtes B dengan hasil uji diagnostik, serta uraian tugas dan algoritma yang lebih baik sehingga dapat membantu klinisi dalam menegakkan diagnosis afasia dan khususnya tipe afasia.

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ackground: Aphasia is a clinical syndrome of impaired language function with impairment of the language center in the dominant hemisphere.3 The Aphasia Test for Diagnosis, Information and Rehabilitation (TADIR) has not yet been carried out as a diagnostic test, and it is not uncommon for the examination results to show discrepancies in the results of the type of aphasia taking into account the score in TADIR compared to direct examination by a Neurobehavior expert. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the proportion of aphasia types based on the results of the TADIR examination compared to the expertise of neurobehavior experts.

Method: A retrospective with medical record research population with a diagnosis of aphasia at the Neurology Polyclinic of Superior Function Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, period January 2019-June 2022. The method used was consecutive sampling and data analysis using SPSS. Result: The sensitivity and specificity of TADIR subtest A were 97.6% and 21%, respectively. PPV and NPV TADIR subtest A are 88.9% and 57.1%. Subtest B highest sensitivity and specificity 77.7% and 100%. The highest PPV and NPV in subtest B was 100% in 12.5% ​​of subjects and 98.2% in 2% of subjects, the actual score was not good.

Conclusion: TADIR is needed for aphasia screening purposes, not as a diagnostic tool. A new instrument is needed that can replace the TADIR subtest B with diagnostic test results, as well as better job descriptions and algorithms so that they can assist clinicians in establishing the diagnosis of aphasia and especially the type of aphasia."

"What biological factors make human communication possible? How do we process and understand language?Howdoes brain damage affect these mechanisms, and what can this tell us about how language is organized in the brain? The field of neurolinguistics seeks to answer these questions, which are crucial to linguistics, psychology and speech pathology alike. Drawing on examples from everyday language, this textbook introduces the central topics in neurolinguistics: speech recognition, word and sentence structure, meaning, and discourse – in both ‘normal’ speakers and those withlanguage disorders. It moves on to provide a balanced discussion of key areas of debate such as modularity and the ‘language areas’ of the brain, ‘connectionist’ versus ‘symbolic’ modelling of language processing, and the nature of linguistic and mental representations. Making accessible over half a century of scientific and linguistic research, and containing extensive study questions, it will be welcomed by all those interested in the relationship between language and the brain."