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"The extraction method is cloud point extraction technique by phase separation which gives a convenient, a simple procedure, with minimal solvent usage and only needs a very discrete amount of relatively non-flammable and non-volatile surfactant which is ecofriendly. It has acknowledged usage for the extraction and preconcentration of species of extensively digress character and features likewise metal ions, proteins and other biomaterials, or organic compounds of strongly differing polarity. Here, we address the review about cloud point extraction (CPE) method as well as applications with this methodology to our environmental samples. We also discussed about the advantages, disadvantages and future trends of CPE. This technique received great attention in extraction and preconcentration by application as an isolation and trace enrichment procedure earlier to the analysis of organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated compounds, pesticides, phenolic derivatives, aromatic amines, vitamins and polybrominated biphenyl ethers), inorganic compounds and metal (copper, chromium, zinc, cadmium, nickel, cobalt), phthalates and parabens. These techniques are coupled with gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and spectrophotometry."

"Berbagai aplikasi pengecilan ukuran partikel liposom telah dilakukan untuk memperoleh liposom SUV dengan pertimbangan distribusi sistemik yang lebih baik dan pemenuhan kriteria filtrasi steril. Ekstrusi dan sonikasi merupakan metode reduksi ukuran partikel yang umum digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh metode ekstrusi dan sonikasi terhadap karakteristik liposom bila ditinjau dari morfologi, ukuran partikel, efisiensi penjerapan, dan sterilitas. Pembuatan liposom dilakukan dengan metode hidrasi lapis tipis. Liposom hasil hidrasi diberikan dua perlakuan berbeda: ekstrusi 5 siklus dengan membran polikarbonat 0,45 μm dan sonikasi 2 kali selama masing-masing 5 menit. Liposom terekstrusi dan tersonikasi disterilisasi filtrasi dengan teknik ekstrusi 1 siklus menggunakan membran polikarbonat 0,22 μm secara aseptik. Citra TEM menunjukkan bentuk sferis unilamelar dari globul liposom tersonikasi dan variasi bentuk globul pada liposom terekstrusi. Ekstrusi 5 siklus dan sonikasi menghasilkan liposom dengan rata-rata ukuran partikel berturut-turut 445,3 (PDI=0,49) dan 75,5 nm (PDI=0,323). Sterilisasi filtrasi 1 siklus cenderung meningkatkan rata-rata ukuran partikel dan keseragaman liposom terekstrusi, tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap liposom tersonikasi. Jumlah meropenem terjerap dalam liposom terhidrasi, terekstrusi, dan tersonikasi berturut-turut sebesar 67,99%, 32,93%, dan 72,76%. Proses ekstrusi steril menurunkan efisiensi penjerapan liposom terekstrusi (25,94%) dan tersonikasi (35,02%). Pengujian sterilitas dengan medium tioglikolat dan agar darah mengindikasikan adanya pertumbuhan bakteri.

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Various applications of liposome particle size reduction have been made to obtain SUV liposome with consideration of better systemic distribution and sterile filtration criteria fulfillment. Extrusion and sonication are two common methods of particle size reduction. This study aims to observe the effect of extrusion and sonication methods on the characterizatic of liposomes in terms of morphology, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and sterility. Liposome was produced by thin film hydration method. Hydrated liposome was given two different treatments: 5 cycles extrusion with 0.45 μm polycarbonate membrane and 2 sonication cycles for 5 minutes each. Furthermore, extruded and sonicated liposome were sterilized by filtration using 1 cycle extrusion techniques with 0.22 μm polycarbonate membrane aseptically.

TEM image shows the unilamellar spherical globule of sonicated liposome and various globule forms of extruded liposome. 5 cycles extrusion and sonication produce liposome’s globule with mean particle size of 445.3 nm (PDI = 0.49) and 75.5 nm (PDI = 0.323) respectively. Sterile filtration increased mean particle size and uniformity of the extruded liposomes, but it didn’t influence the sonicated liposome. Meropenem entrapped in hydrated, extruded, and sonicated liposomes were respectively 67.99%, 32.93%, and 72.76%. Sterile extrusion process decreased the entrapment efficiency of extruded (25.94%) and sonicated (35.02%) liposome. Sterility testing with thioglikolat medium and blood agar indicate the presence of bacterial growth."

"ABSTRAKTeknologi lnfonnasi merupakan salah satu sarana utama bagi manusia untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan aktititas hidupnya. Pergeseran dan perubahan linglcungan yang menuju arah dunia tanpa batas disebut globalisasi yang menyebabkan kompetisi global, tidak luput juga merupakan pengaruh dari kemajuan dan kemampuan teknologi informasi. Dunia baru dalam bisnis operator jasa telekomunikasi telah dimulai seiring dengan pembahan lingkungan kearah globalisasi. Keadaan ini dipastikan akan mempengaruhi PT Telkom sebagai perusahaan jasa telekomunikasi di Indonesia, karena itu perlu adanya tindakan dan langkah yang dilakukan PT Telkom agar siap untuk menghadapi kompetisi global yang akan semakin ketat. Langkah ini dapat diperoleh dari manajemen strategi.Manajemen Strategi meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi untuk dapat mencapai tujuan perusahaan dengan melakukan analisa ekstemal dan internaI.Visi, misi dan tujuan harus ditenlukan dulu untuk dapat membuat strategi, sebab misi merupakan pedoman strategi yang akan dibentuk guna mencapai tujuan perusahaan sedangkan visi merupakan gambaran ideal yang ingin dicapai perusahaan di masa yang akan datang.Pada tugas akhir ini peneliti menganalisa lingkungan ekstemal dan intemal dari yang data-datanya diperoleh dari kuesioner, PT Telkom dan sumber-sumber lain. Dari analisa linglcungan tersebut didapat faktor-faktor utama yang menjadi peluang dan ancaman (lingkungan ekstemal) faktor-faktor utama kekuatan dan kelemahan (linglcungan intemal) yang dimiliki PT Telkom. Dengan teknik analisa lingkungan Matriks EFE (lingkungan eksternal) dan Matriks IFE (Iingkungan Intemal) akan diperoleh faktor-faktor yang paling berpengaruh dengan menentukan bobot dan peringkatnya A Kekuatan PT Telkom yang utama ialah tingkat lobying pada pemegang kebijakan jastel dan pengalaman perusahaan sedangkan kelemahan utamanya ialah penyampaian informasi jenis layanan, tempat pelayanan, tarifjasa telepon.Peluang terbesar PT Telkom aclalah densitas telepon yang masih rendah sedangl-can ancaman terbesar yang dihadapinya adalah Perkembangan teknologi yang cepat.Dari matrilcs IFE dan BFE dibentuk beberapa altematif strategi dengan metode matliks SWOT, pada akhirnya darl matriks IE diproleh strategi yang lebih detail.

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"This book covers both classical and modern analytical methods in nonlinear systems. A wide range of applications from fundamental research to engineering problems are addressed. The book contains seven chapters, each with miscellaneous problems and their detailed solutions. More than 100 practice problems are illustrated, which might be useful for students and researchers in the areas of nonlinear oscillations and applied mathematics. With providing real world examples, this book shows the multidisciplinary emergence of nonlinear dynamical systems in a wide range of applications including mechanical and electrical oscillators, micro/nano resonators and sensors, and also modelling of global warming, epidemic diseases, sociology, chemical reactions, biology and ecology."

"Cara Pembuatan Obat yang Baik diterapkan pada industri farmasi untuk menjamin khasiat, manfaat, dan keamanannya. Sebagai upaya dalam menjamin keamanan produk farmasi, perlu dilakukan validasi metode Analisis untuk memastikan bahan baku dan produk jadi sudah sesuai dengan yang dipersyaratkan. Selain itu, validasi metode analisis mendukung proses kualitas berdasarkan desain dalam pengembangan produk farmasi. Laporan praktik ini membahas terkait dengan validasi metode analisis penetapan kadar pada bahan baku dan produk jadi sediaan farmasi. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode retrospektif, berdasarkan kegiatan yang telah terjadi di industri farmasi. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi, parameter validasi yang dilakukan mengacu pada International Council for Harmonisation Q2(R1) tentang validasi prosedur analisis. yaitu kesesuain system dan spesifikasi, akurasi, presisi, dan reproducibility yang kemudian dijadikan acuan sebagai standar operasional di industri farmasi. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, parameter validasi yang dilakukan terhadap metode uji penetapan kadar dengan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi yaitu akurasi, keberulanagan, presisi antara, spesifisitas/selektivitas, linearitas, rentang.

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Good Manufacturing Practice are applied in the pharmaceutical industry to guarantee efficacy, benefit, and safety. As an effort to ensure the safety of pharmaceutical products, it is necessary ti to validate analytical methods to ensure that raw materials and finished products comply with requirements. In addition, analytical method validation supports a Quality by Design process in pharmaceutical product development. This practice report discusses the validation of analytical methods for determining levels in raw material and finished pharmaceutical products. Data collection was carried out using a retrospective method, based on activities that have occurred in the pharmaceutical industry. The analytical method used is High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the validation parameters carried out refer to the International Council for Harmonization Q2(R1) regarding validation of analytical procedures like suitability of systems and specifications, accuracy, precision and reproducibility which are then used as reference as operational standards in the industry pharmacy. Based on the result of observations, the validation parameters carried out the assay method using High Performance Liquid Chromatography were accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, specificity/selectivity, linearity, and range."

"Evidence based herbal drugs are on hi-acceptance day by day due to health friendly nature compared to synthetic drugs. The active ingredients in herbal drugs are different chemical classes, e.g. alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, steroids, terpenes etc., are identified at molecular level using current analytical practices, which are unique characteristic, as finger, so known as fingerprints. The fingerprints are used for assessment of quality consistency and stability by visible observation and comparison of the standardized fingerprint pattern, have scientific potential to decipher the claims made on these drugs for authenticity and reliability of chemical constituents, with total traceability, which starts from the proper identification, season and area of collection, storage, their processing, stability during processing, and rationalizing the combinational in case of polyherbal drugs. These quality oriented documents have ample scientific logics so well accepted globally by regulatory authorities and industries, to determine intentional/ unintentional contamination, adulteration, pollutants, stability, quality, etc. parameters. Based on geo-climatic factors, a same plant species has different pharmacological properties due to different ingredients; such regional and morphological variations are identified by fingerprints, at the time of collection of the medicinal herb. The chromatographic (TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, GC,) and spectral (UV-Vis., FTIR, MNR, MS, LC-MS, GC-MS etc.) techniques have world-wide strong scientific approval as validated methods to generate the fingerprints of different chemical classes of active ingredients of herbal drugs. Presently there is a need for a book having all the fingerprinting techniques for herbal drugs at a place with theory, case studies and art to discover patentable forms. "