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"Wilayah udara merupakan asset yang tidak hanya penting untuk pertahanan keamanan namun juga untuk berbagai kepentingan sosial dan ekonomi. Di bidang ekonomi, pengelolaan wilayah udara antara lain melalui perjanjian hubungan udara bilateral yang merupakan perjanjian diantara dua negara untuk mengatur bagaimana penerbangan berjadwal suatu perusahaan penerbangan dapat dilaksanakan pada kedua negara tersebut. Adanya perjanjian hubungan udara bilateral dimulai ketika pertemuan para wakil bangsa-bangsa gagal menyepakati secara multilateral pertukaran hak-hak angkut pada Konperensi Chicago tahun 1944. Indonesia hingga saat ini mempunyai 71 perjanjian hubungan udara bilateral. Masing-masing perjanjian mempunyai karasteristik yang berbeda yang disesuaikan dengan kepentingan Indonesia dan masing-masing Negara mitra. Dengan adanya kecenderungan liberalisasi angkutan udara yang telah menjadi kecenderungan global, kiranya diperlukan suatu perumusan perjanjian hubungan udara bilateral yang dapat mengakomodasi kebutuhan mobilitas orang maupun barang yang aman, selamat, cepat, teratur dan ekonomis tanpa mengabaikan keselamatan sehingga dapat meningkatkan peran strategis pertumbuhan ekonomi namun tetap menyesuaikan dengan kemampuan dan daya saing perusahaan nasional. Untuk mengantisipasi perubahan global tersebut, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) telah menyampaikan beberapa perumusan perjanjian hubungan udara bilateral yang disarikan dare. 3600 perjanjian hubungan udara yang ada. Penerapan model perumusan sebagaimana direkomendasikan oleh ICAO tersebut tentu harus diimbangi dengan kebijakan yang tepat dan terarah agar hasilnya dapat benar-benar dinikmati oleh pengguna angkutan udara pada khususnya dan seluruh masyarakat pada umumnya.

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The air space is an important asset that can be used not only for security defense aspects, but also having the important roles on social and economic issues. The arrangements of traffic rights for the implementation of international air transport services for each country had been formulated through the Bilateral Air Services Agreement mechanism between two countries. The bilateral air services agreement started when the representative of nation failure to approved to exchange the traffic rights through multilateral agreement approach in Chicago Convention 1944. To date, Indonesia has 71 (seventy one) Bilateral Air Services Agreement with the partner countries. Each agreement have different characteristic according to the benefit for the national interest. To anticipate the globalization era, which will influence the air transport industry, it is necessary to define some models of bilateral air services agreement which could accommodate the needs for the movement of passenger and goods rapidly, smoothly, securely and safely, by considering :

- To increase the strategic of economic growth;

- To increase nation air carrier competitiveness. International Civil Aviation.

Organization (ICAO) had proposed some models of Bilateral Air Services Agreement which is summarized from 3600 Bilateral Air Services Agreement registered. The implementation models of the Bilateral Air Services Agreement as recommended by ICAO must be followed with the precise and reasonable policies for the benefit to all of the customer of air transport fields."

"Keterlambatan operasi penerbangan terjadi jika ada tundaan di darat ataupun wilayah udara. Hal tersebut disebabkan apabila permintaan lalu lintas penerbangan melebihi dari kapasitas yang tersedia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kapasitas ruang udara berdasarkan beban kerja Pemandu Lalu Lintas Penerbangan/ Air Traffic Controller (ATC) guna mendukung keselamatan, kelancaran, dan keteraturan operasi penerbangan yang menjadi tanggung jawab personil ATC. Data primer pada penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui pengamatan kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh ATC saat memberikan pelayanan pada suatu sektor ruang udara selama 1 jam saat jam puncak dalam kurun waktu 30 hari. Data sekunder yang diperlukan untuk mendukung analisis yaitu terkait jumlah penerbangan saat jam puncak, kondisi cuaca, dan rencana penerbangan. Metode analisis yang digunakan untuk menentukan kapasitas ruang udara adalah Pessimistic Sector Capacity. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kapasitas teoritis sebanyak 31 pesawat per jam dan kapasitas praktis 25 pesawat per jam dengan waktu kerja petugas ATC adalah 33 menit yang termasuk dalam kategori beban kerja berat."

"This text covers the history and development of air and space law: their interrelationships; their relationships with the law of the seas and the law of Antarctica; institutions working in the field of air and space law; sovereignty in national airspace; freedom of exploration and use of outer space; public international air law; penal air law; private international air law, especially liability law; and public and private space law. Much attention is devoted to the law of air commerce: bilateral air services agreements; inter-airline co-operation; the effects of competition, antitrust and European Union law; deregulation, privatisation and commercialisation of air transport; ownership and control of airlines, and airline alliances; multilateralisation of air transport; and congestion and environmental controls. The last chapter of the book briefly deals with the legal aspects of commercial outer space applications. Increasingly, air transport, both in fact and in law, is becoming an ordinary industry like any other and is being treated as such. Rapidly, commercial outer space activities are being privatised and commercialised"

"This text covers the history and development of air and space law: their interrelationships; their relationships with the law of the seas and the law of Antarctica; institutions working in the field of air and space law; sovereignty in national airspace; freedom of exploration and use of outer space; public international air law; penal air law; private international air law, especially liability law; and public and private space law. Much attention is devoted to the law of air commerce: bilateral air services agreements; inter-airline co-operation; the effects of competition, antitrust and European Union law; deregulation, privatisation and commercialisation of air transport; ownership and control of airlines, and airline alliances; multilateralisation of air transport; and congestion and environmental controls. The last chapter of the book briefly deals with the legal aspects of commercial outer space applications. Increasingly, air transport, both in fact and in law, is becoming an ordinary industry like any other and is being treated as such. Rapidly, commercial outer space activities are being privatised and commercialised"