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Sudiman
"Relasi birokrasi dengan politik di Indonesia selalu mengalami Huktuatif. Pada masa Orde Baru, dengan kebijakan monoloyalitasnya, mesin birokrasi (baca: PNS) senantiasa dimanfaatkan oleh rezim yang berkuasa untuk melakukan mobilisasi politik, dalam rangka mcndukung kekuatan status quo. Setelah rezim Orde Baru jatuh, dan digantikan oleh era reformasi tahun 1998, terjadilah perubahan sistem politik yang sangat fundamental, terutama menyangkut hubungan pusat dan daerah. Dari pola yang sentralistik, menjadi lebih otonom dan terdesentralisasi. Demikian juga dengan pemilihan kepala daerah yang semula dipilih oleh DPRD, menjadi dipilih Iangsung oleh rakyat. Perubahan ini disatu sisi memberikan arti positif yaitu untuk meningkatkan partisipasi politik masyarakat, tetapi disisi lain adalah terfragmentasikannya PNS kedalam kepentingan politik praktis.
Penelitian disertasi ini berupaya melihat bagaimana pelaksanaan dari netralitas birokrasi dalam kontestasi politik lokal yaitu pemilihan kepala daerah pasca Orde Baru. Studi kasus yang dipilih adalah pemilihan Gubemur Sulawesi Selatan dan Gubernur Banten. Permasalahan utama yang ingin diketahui adalah (i) Bagaimana implementasi netralitas PNS dalam pilkada Sulsel dan Banten, (ii) apa bentuk terjadinya pelanggaran netralitas PNS dalam Pilkada Sulsel dan Banten, dan (iii) apa dampak dari pelanggaran netralitas PNS terhadap (i) hasil Piikada, (ii) pelayanan publik, dan (iii) perubahan jabatan structural di kedua provinsi tersebut.
Metodologi penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam (indepth interview), sludi dokumentasi (library research), Focused Group Discussion (FGD), dan media review.
Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa pada kedua kasus Pemilihan Gubernur di Sulawesi Selatan dan Banten, hampir semua mesin birokrasi selalu dimanfaatkan oleh kekuasaan untuk melanggengkan kekuasaannya. PNS banyak melakukan pelanggaran dan terlibat dalam politik praktis, sehingga hasil pilkada menuai gugatan dan menyebabkan tidak berjalannya sistem pembinaan pegawai (merit sysrem) Serta tidak optimalnya pelayanan publik. Ada faktor intemal yang mempengaruhi netralitas birokrasi yaitu sentimen primordialisme, logika kekuasaan. Secara ekstemal adalah adanya ambiguitas regulasi yang membuat birokrasi menjadi tidak netrai dan independen. Faktor primordialisme lebih kepada kedekatan etnisitas, kesukuan dan agama. Sedangkan faktor Iogika kekuasaan dikarenakan adanya ketidakpastian sistem dalam penjenjangan karir seorang PNS. Ada sebuah spekulasi politik dan kekuasaan yang diharapkan dari PNS yang memberikan dukungan politik kepada kontestan pilkada, yaitu akan meningkatkan karir di birokrasi ketika calon yang didukung menang. Hal yang sama juga terjadi dalam pilkada Banten, dimana ada shadow stare yaitu kekuatan diluar birokrasi yang mampu mengendalikan birokrasi. Kekuatan dominan muncul dari kelompok jawara dan pemilik modal yang memilki akses politik dengan pusat kekuasaan.
Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan bahwa liberalisasi dan reformasi politik, ternyata tidak diikuti oleh reformasi perubahan ditingkat regulasi. Pada satu sisi PNS diharapkan bersikap professional, akan tetapi dalam penjenjangan karirnya, karir PNS sangat ditentukan oleh pejabat Pembina PNS, dalam hal ini Gubernur, Bupati atau Walikota. Sementara mereka kepala daerah adalah pejabat politik yang dipilih melalui mekanisme politik. Oloh sebab itulah kepala daerah torpilih dari partai politik, memiliki kekuasaan yang sangat kuat (powerfull authority) untuk menarik PNS dalam politik praktis.
Faktor budaya politik dan budaya birokrasi di Indonesia temyata tidak sejalan dengan proses liberalisasi politik dan system demokratisi secara langsung. Pada masyarakat yang masih menganut patronase politik dan budaya feodalislik, netralitas birokrasi monjadi sesuatu yang sangat utopia. Pola hubungan patron-client serta politik balas jasa, membuat posisi PNS menjadi lebih mudah torkooptasi oloh kepentingan polilik rezim tingkat lokal. Implikasi teoritis dari penelitian ini adalah dekonstruksi konsop birokrasi tentang makna profesionalitas, netralitas, rasionalitas. Konstruksi teoritik Weber tentang birokrasi yang sangat ideal, seolah menatlkan adanya intervensi politik. Padahal birokrasi yang ada seringkali dihasilkan dari proses politik. Sedangkan konsep Carino tentang ascendancy dan sublasi birokrasi, Iebih realistis dan empiris dalam melihat persoalan birokrasi. Carino mellhat bahwa birokrasi tidak steril dari intervensi politik, karena birokrasi merupakan produk dari proses politik melalui mandar pemilihan. Oleh sebab itu pejabat politik dalam sebuah birokrasi dari sebuah produk mandat pemilihan, akan membuat birokrasi berada dalam posisi tarik menarik dengan kepentingan politik.
Hasil penelitian ini secara khusus menegaskan bahwa sebuah modernitas dalam kultur budaya birokrasi dan budaya politik masyarakat seperti yang dipahami dan diterapkan oleh negara maju, ketika diimplementasikan pada negara berkembang dengan segala dinamika internalnya, harus mengalam re-intepretasi dan indegeneisasi. Ada konteks dan nilai-nilai lokalitas yang mempengaruhi makna netralitas birokrasi.

The relationship between bureaucracy and politics in Indonesia always fluctuates. ln the New Order Era with mono loyalty policy, the bureaucratic machine was constantly manipulated by the ruling regime to conduct political mobilization in order to support the status quo. Alter the fall of the New Order regime, the Refomt Era reigned in 1998 with fundamental changes occurring in political system, particularly those concerning with the relationship between the central and local government, from centralistic to a more autonomous and decentralized system. Similarly, the local leaders were previously elected by the Regional House of Representatives, but they are now elected directly by their constituents. On one hand the change gives a favorable meaning that is to increase society?s political participation, the civil servants, on the other hand, are fragmented into practical political interest.
This dissertation endeavored to see to what extent the neutrality of bureaucracy in the local political contest, that is, the election of local leaders post the New Order regime. The opted case study was the Govemor?s election in South Sulawesi and Banten. The main issues to address wcrc: (i) what factors influenced the civil servants? neutral behavior in the political contest at local level, (ii) what l`om1 were civil servants? biases, and (iii) what were the impacts of the civil servants? biases towards (i) results of local leaders? election, (ii) public services, and (iii) the change in structural positions in those two provinces. This research used qualitative approach. The data were collected by using such techniques as in-depth interview, library research, focus group discussion, and media review.
The results of this study elaborated that nearly all bureaucratic machines in both cases of Govemcrs? election in South Sulawesi and Banten were manipulated by the rulers to prolong their authority. The were so many civil servants breaking the rules and involving in the practical politics that the results of regional leaders' election were claimed. This made the civil servant?s career development with the merit system could not be implemented. There were internal factors influencing the neutrality of bureaucracy, such as primordial sentiment, the logic of power. Externally, there were ambiguous regulations that made the bureaucracy bias and independent. The primordial factors inclined towards the proximity of ethnics, race and religions. Whereas the logical power was applied because there was the inconsistent system in the civil service career path. There was a political and power speculation from the side of civil servants who were expected to provide political support to the contestant of the local leaders? election, that is, the feasibility of improving their career in the bureaucracy when their candidates won. Similarly, Banten had shadow state, namely, the power outside bureaucracy that was able to control bureaucracy. The dominant power emerged from groups of the "jawara? and investors that possessed political access to central power.
The research also elaborated that political liberalization and reform was, in fact, not followed by the reform at regulation level. On one hand the civil servants were expected to have professional attitude in their career path. On the other hand, they are very much dependent on the civil service authorized officials, in this context, the Govemor, the Regent or the Mayor who are political officials elected by political mechanism. Therefore the elected local leaders Horn the political party hold a powerful authority to retain the civil servants in practical politics.
Political and bureaucratic culture factors in Indonesia were, in fact, directly incompatible with the process of political liberalization and democratic system. In the society still adopting political patronage and feudalistic culture, bureaucratic neutrality remained very utopian. The relationship pattem of patron-client and in-return-favor politics made the civil servants? position vulnerable to be co-opted by the interest of political regime at local level.
The theoretical implication of the research was the deconstruction ofthe concept of bureaucracy conceming with the meaning of professionalism, neutrality, rationality. Weber?s theoretical construction about bureaucracy is very ideal. lt seemingly ignores the availability of political intervention. The fact is that the bureaucracy is often produced by the political process. Carino?s concept about bureaucracy ascendancy and sublation is more realistic and empirical in viewing the bureaucratic issues. Carino understands that bureaucracy is not free from political intervention because bureaucracy is the product of political process based on the election mandate. Therefore, a political ofiicer in a bureaucracy elected based on election mandate makes the bureaucracy in the position of vulnerably being directed to meet the political interests.
The results of this study particularly elaborated that modernization in the culture of bureaucracy and that of society politics as understood and applied by the developed countries had to undergo re-interpretation and indigenousness when implemented in the developing countries with all their intemal dynamics. There were contexts and local values that influenced the meaning of bureaucracy neutrality.
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Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 2009
D978
UI - Disertasi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Dewi Rahayu Sudiman
"Batas kemampuan angkut mengangkut berat beban merupakan salah satu contoh dari sekian banyak sistem kerja yang masih perlu diperhatikan. Granjean (1985) menganjurkan berat beban angkut 50-60 kg. Sedangkan ILO (1985) memuat nilai ambang batas angkut dari banyak negara dengan berat bervariasi. Berat beban angkut yang banyak beredar dimasyarakat saat ini rata-rata tiap karung sekitar 100 kg. dimana hal ini melewati batas kewajaran. Yang mendorong dilakukan penelitian ini adalah sampai sekarang Indonesia belum mempunyai nilai ambang batas berat beban angkut, agar supaya para pekerja dapat terlindungi kesehatan kerjanya dan dapat meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia Indonesia dalam rangka meningkatkan produktifitas dan prestasi kerja bangsa.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan berat beban angkut yang serasi dengan kemampuan kerja fisik tenaga kerja laki-laki serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Ditemukannya berat beban angkut akan merupakan langkah penting dalam penerapan ergonomi dalam sistem kerja angkut. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kawasan pergudangan beras Depot Logistik Jakarta Raya dengan dasar pertimbangan tingginya intensitas pekerjaan mengangkut baik dari gudang ke truk maupun sebaliknya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Quasi Experimental Design. Pengolahan dan analisa data univariat, bivariat dan multivariat menggunakan program komputer SPSS.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan angkut optimal tenaga kerja laki-laki di Dolog Jaya adalah 58,12 kg. Dari analisa bivariat diketahui umur, status gizi, kesegaran jasmani berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan angkut optimal, sedangkan merokok tidak berpengaruh yang dalam hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan sampel hampir homogen. Dari analisa multivariat ternyata hanya umur dan status gizi yang berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan angkut optimal, setiap kenaikan umur 1 tahun diikuti penurunan kemampuan angkut optimal sebesar 0,09 kg dan setiap kenaikan nilai status gizi 1 kg/m2 diikuti kenaikan kemampuan angkut optimal sebesar 0,98 kg. Status gizi pengaruhnya paling dominan diantara variabel independen lainnya (Beta= 0,279032). Garis regresi dapat menerangkan 44% dan variasi variabel. Untuk menentukan nilai ambang batas dari kemampuan angkut optimal diperlukan faktor-faktor kekuatan, frekuensi angkut, lama angkut dan posisi angkut. Saat penelitian ini Baru sampai tahap kekuatan, sehingga disarankan kelanjutan dalam penelitian ini.

The limit to carry heavy load is one of the many work system which still need to be paid attention. Granjean (1985) suggested that 50-60 kg. load is the appropriate limit. While the ILO (International Labor Organization) (1988) determined the threshold value of many countries with varying weights. The existing load which is 100 kg. on the average has exceeded the limit as recommended by Granjean. The reason which prompted this research is that up to now permissible limit has not been set up yet, which is important in protecting workers' health.
The objective of this research is to obtain a right load which is in line with the physical capacity of the male workers, and the factors which influence it. The finding of the right load will be an important step in the application of ergonomics in the work system. This research was performed in a rice storage area of Jakarta Logistic Depot with consideration that work intensity of moving the load from the storage to the trucks and vice versa is high. This research is a Quasi Experimental Design. The analysis of univariate, bivariate and multivariate data analysis is done by using the SASS computer program.
The result of the research indicate that the average load of the male workers of Jakarta Logistic Depot is 58,12 kg. From bivariate analysis we know that age, nutritional status level, physical fitness have impact toward the optimum carrying capacity, while smoking does not have impact, probably due to nearly homogenous samples. From multivariate analysis it turn out that only age and nutritional status level influence the optimum carrying capacity, where for an increase of age by one year is followed by a decrease of the optimum carrying capacity by 0,09 kg. and an increase of nutritional status level by 1 kg/ m2 followed by an increase of the optimum carrying capacity by 0,98 kg. The nutritional status level is the most dominant factor among the other independent variables (Beta= 0,279). The regression line is able to explain a 44% of the variable variations. In order to determine the threshold value of the optimum carrying capacity we need to examine others factors such as force, frequency, duration and posture of the carrying. The present research examined force only.
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Depok: Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, 1996
T-Pdf
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Herman Sudiman
"The objective of the present study was to evaluate and to compare the nutritional status of households targeted by the IDT program (POKMAS members), with those households not targeted (non-POKMAS) from the same village, and with households in non-IDT villages in West Sumatra at the start (1994) of the program, after a one year period and its determinants.
For this purpose, a quasi-experimental study was applied. A total number of 38 IDT villages and 6 non-IDT villages were selected using proportionate random sampling from the list of less-developed villages in West Sumatra. ln each IDT village 40 households (20 POKMAS and 20 non-POKMAS) which have children under live and live to ten years of age were selected randomly, while in each non-IDT village 40 households which have children under live and live to ten years of age were selected using the same' method. At the beginning of the IDT program's implementation (baseline) and one year after the implementation of the IDT program (follow up), anthropometric measurements of the children and non-pregnant women, household's food consumption using food Frequency questionnaire and 24 hours recall for a sub sample, socio-economic, health and environmental condition?s assessments using questionnaires were conducted. Student t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression using SPSS for Windows version 6.0 were performed in this study. The study had several limitations such as the relatively short duration between the baseline and the follow up study, while the income generating activities done by most of the POKMAS were relatively long-term income generating activities. As a result some of the expected results and impacts could not be observed yet.
The nutritional status of the children under tive and tive to ten years of age in the surveyed villages in 1994 was not favorable with the highest prevalence of stunting (20.9% and 53.9%) followed by underweight ( 17.0% and 40.0%) and wasting (7.4% and 19.5%). After one year (1995) the prevalence of stunted children under five years of age in the POKMAS households and in non-POKMAS households was not lower compared with the prevalence in 1994 (58-4% vs. 53.1% and 41.5% vs. 30.6%), while the prevalence of stunted children five to ten years of age in the POKMAS households and in non-POKMAS households in 1995 tended to be lower compared with the prevalence in 1994 (50.4% vs. 53-9% and 38.4% vs. 40.4%). The best improvement in nutritional status in the stunted, underweight as well as the wasted was observed among the most retarded in growth. In 1994, the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among non-pregnant women of the POKMAS households was significantly higher compared with the households in non-IDT village (I5.4% vs. 9.1%), There was no significant difference in the prevalence of CED among non-pregnant women in 1994 compared with 1995 (15.8% vs. 15.4% in POKMAS households, 11.8% vs. 13.8% in non-POKMAS households in IDT villages). The diets of the surveyed households were in general totally different from the food sold in "Padang" eating places, which are characterized, by its predominantly high animal protein dishes. The diets ofthe surveyed households generally consisted of rice as the staple food and side dishes such as boiled cassava leaves or young jack fruit in coconut sauce, fried small dried fish and hot pepper sauce (Indonesia: sambal). In 1994 the percentage of households which complained about food-shortage among the POKMAS households in IDT villages was about twice higher (62%) compared with the non-POKMAS households in IDT villages (42%), and three times higher compared with the households in non-IDT villages (28%) Regarding the selection criteria of households to be given funds, this study observed that there were various criteria among villages. As a result not all households given IDT funds could be considered poor. At the start of the lDT program, the selection of the income generating activities of the POKMAS used the bottom up approach, but later on the top down approach was still stronger influencing the process. lt could be observed that the income generating activity of most of the POKMAS was cow fattening while less than 20% of the POKMAS households had experience in cow fattening activity. The sanitation and hygiene practices (sources of the drinking water; place for garbage disposal and place for defecation) of the POKMAS households was worse compared with the non-POKMAS households in the same villages. In this study it was observed that the POKMAS households were households with undemourished children especially stunted children, It means that stunted children were the characteristic for poor households. The predictors for stunting of the children at the baseline were the following: the place for garbage disposal (in the garden, river, lake), health problems in daily life, the POKMAS households did not have a separated kitchen, children did not get measles vaccination, mother was pregnant, having problems with the environment, the age ofthe child (under five), chicken consumption less than once per week and the mother had more participation in social activities.
It can be concluded that the indicators of the poverty situation were a reflection of the living condition of the households (socioeconomic, environmental condition, housing condition) and confirm that the targeting of poor groups within villages used in this study was relatively proper. The child?s nutritional status particularly stunting is a reflection of the poor living condition; the prevalence of stunting at village level is a good indicator for targeting of a poverty alleviation program. The IDT program may have improved income however not necessarily alleviate poverty. The IDT program was emphasized on improving income however the households targeting was not clear; not all POKMAS households could be considered poor and the IDT program did not cover the other factors influencing poverty. Considering the feasibility and more practical use of the height and length measurements in young children for community studies, stunting should be used in the poverty alleviation program, nutrition surveillance program and other nutrition intervention programs. However further studies to investigate whether stunting could be used as indicator of poor households needs to be conducted. Further studies in different locations with ditferent socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental situations are needed to investigate approaches the most proper for various areas in indonesia. Referring to the most recent concept of poverty the key of the problem of poverty lies in the accessibility of the individual, household or community to the resources of basic needs such as food, health service, clothing and shelter, primary education and social cultural life. To alleviate poverty th IDT program should include activities to provide and improve the resources of basic needs. The IDT program at present is only providing one of the tools to improve resources."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 1999
D1560
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Muhammad Adi Putra Sudiman
"Tesis ini membahas dampak ekonomi dan fiskal Pembangunan Pelabuhan Khusus Ekspor Batubara di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain deskriptif menggunakan Data Tabel Input-Output Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Tahun 2011 untuk menghitung dampak ekonomi serta proyeksi sederhana untuk menghitung dampak fiskal berupa potensi peningkatan royalti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembangunan Pelabuhan Khusus Ekspor Batubara ini memberikan dampak positif terhadap perekonomian Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, karena mampu menciptakan peningkatan output, nilai tambah bruto, pendapatan masyarakat, dan lapangan kerja yang cukup signifikan. Dampak ekonomi terhadap penciptaan output selama kurun waktu 2015-2027 sebesar Rp. 168.247,87 miliar, peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat sebesar Rp. 29.148,08 miliar, penciptaan nilai tambah bruto sebesar Rp. 119.161,15 miliar, dan penciptaan lapangan kerja sebanyak 148,77 ribu orang. Terkait dampak fiskal, keberadaan Pelabuhan Khusus Ekspor Batubara akan meningkatkan pengawasan yang berdampak pada pengurangan opportunity losses dan berdasarkan hasil simulasi, semakin besar pengurangan ekspor batubara ilegal maka akan meningkatkan potensi penerimaan PNBP dalam bentuk royalti.

This thesis discusses the impact of Coal Export Port Development to East Kalimantan Province economy. This research is quantitative descriptive design using Data Input-Output East Kalimantan Province in 2011 to measuring economic impact, and simple projection method to measuring fiscal impact. The results showed that the development of Coal Exports Port have a positive impact on the East Kalimantan Province economy, because it can create an increase in output, gross value added, public revenue, and employment significantly. The economic impact of the creation of the output amounting to Rp. 168,247.87 billion, increased public revenue amounting to Rp. 29148.08 billion, the creation of gross value added amounted to Rp. 119,161.15 billion, and job creation amounted to 148.77 thousand. Related fiscal impact, the existence of Coal Exports Port will increase supervision to reduction of opportunity losses, and based on simulation results, the greater the reduction in illegal coal exports will increase non-tax revenue potential in the form of royalties."
Depok: Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia, 2016
T46038
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library