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"This paper, using a political demography perspective, attempts to reconstruct the perception of the center on the borderland of West Kalimantan and Sarawak, Malaysia. Basically there are two important views that dominating the center's perception on the borderland: 'perceived economic advantage and perceived threat'. Based on these twofold perceptions, policies and programs were implemented to serve the political and economic interests of the center. These policies and programs have generally resulted in the marginalization of border's people livelihood. Among the crucial policies that significantly changed the social and cultural dynamics of the local population is the transmigration program and the village enlargement project. These two programs represent the center's demographic engineering policy deeply rooted in the perception that the border areas should be militarily secured from various threats from abroad. The current moves toward regional autonomy and decentralization will likely provide new avenues for the local population in West Kalimantan to reassert their economic and political aspirations."

"The article is a preliminary study on the social impact of development in Minahasa. The authors try to identify, development problems as exhaustable as possible. The factors that have influenced the development in Minahasa are originated from the Minahasa community themselves and from government policies. The central government has exercised a strong influence on local condition. Local government which functions on behalf of the central government exhibit such characteristics a bureaucratic, hierarchic, and paternalistic. On the other hand, the Minahasa people are democratic and egalitarian in their social relationship. The difference between both value systems does not come into conflict, because the Minahasans channel their aspirations through the church and are able to make adjustment."