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"Daerah muara sungai Jeneberang dari waktu ke waktu memperiihatkan proses perubahan fisik yang sangat dinamis. Proses ini meliputi perubahan garis pantai dan intensitas sedimen pembentuk endapan di sepanjang garis pantainya. Untuk mensimulasikan pengendapan angkutan sedimen perlu dilakukan kalibrasi atas parameter-parameter hidrologi menggunakan perangkat lunak pemodelan numerik dua dimensi. Pemodelan dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan perangkat lunak Surface Water Modelling System (SMS).Proses kalibrasi dilakukan melalui dua model yaitu model hidrodinamika dan model angkutan sedimen. Domain komputasi dibentuk mesh dengan jenis elemen triangular quadratic sebanyak 1319 elemen. Data kedalaman batimetri dirubah menjadi elevasi untuk mempermudah perhitungan dan analisa dengan mengambil datum elevasi pada muka air rata-rata (Mean Sea Level) 25 meter. Pada kondisi steady digunakan debit konstan rata-rata sebesar 10 m3/ detik di bagian hulu (inflow). Pada kondisi steady di bagian hilir (head boundary), digunakan elevasi sebesar 26 meter. Proses simulasi pada kondisi unsteady dilakukan dengan menggunakan data aliran debit harian selama tahun 1997 pada bagian hulu (sungai) dan pada bagian hilir (head) berupa fluktuasi elevasi muka air akibat pasang surut.Pada simulasi awal secara steady masing-masing perubahan parameter tidak berbeda secara signifikan terutama pada grafik elevasi muka air (water surface elevation) yang dihasilkan. Pada kondisi dinamis (unsteady) dengan rentang waktu 24 jam, kalibrasi dilakukan dengan membandingkan perubahan elevasi muka air serta besaran dan arah kecepatan arus dengan hasil pengukuran lapangan. Kalibrasi yang cocok untuk arah kecepatan dihasilkan dari simulasi dengan Viskositas Eddy sekitar 10.000 dan Koefisien Kekasaran Manning antara 0,02-0,03.Untuk simulasi dengan rentang waktu yang lebih panjang perbedaan nilai viskositas eddy tidak terlalu memberikan perubahan berarti pada proses pengendapan yang tejadi. Sedangkan pada titik-titik tertentu perubahan koefisien Manning cukup berpengaruh. Perubahan debit aliran air, koefisien difusi yang digunakan serta besamya pasokan konsentrasi sedimen tersuspensi sangat mempengaruhi pengendapan di daerah ini. Perubahan amplitudo pasang surut hanya mempengaruhi beberapa titik tertentu di daerah muara.

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The Jeneberang estuary has dynamics physical change during the time. Those include coastline changes and sedimentation process along the beach. Calibration of hydrological parameters should be emphasized prior to simulate the two dimension numerical model of sediment transport process in this area. Surface Water Modeling System (SMS) has been used as the model software.

The calibration has been treated for both hydrodynamic and sediment transport model. The computation domain has been built by 1319 triangular quadratic mesh elements based on the bathymetric data from field survey in 1997.

Constant flow rate of 10 m3/sec and water surface elevation of 1 meter above mean sea

level has been used as inflow and head boundary for steady state simulation, respectively. The dynamic simulation using the daily river discharge and tidal water surface elevation during 1997 as both inputs.

There are no significant differentiations between six types of material properties composition on steady state initial condition. The dynamic simulation for 24 hours has been compared to the field survey at the same observation point for water surface elevation, velocity magnitude and velocity vector. The velocity vector shows some significant relation between simulation and field data for material properties of Eddy Viscosity about 10,000 and Manning Roughness Coefficient of 0.02- 0.03.

The sensitivity of model has been tested for longer simulation time by different variables of inflow, suspended sediment concentration, diffusion coefficient and tides amplitude. There are some significant results for above variables except for tides amplitude. The roughness coefficient of Manning affects on different nodes of mesh element."

"Dalam upaya penyembuhan yang dilakukan oleh dokter, terdapat risiko-risko tinggi yang tidak dapat dihilangkan, yang dapat berupa kerugian yang diderita oleh pihak dokter maupun pihak pasien. Terhadap kerugian yang diderita oleh pasien, terdapat perbedaan pendapat mengenai bagaimana pertanggungjawaban dokter atas kerugian yang diderita pasien, akibat tindakan medis yang dilakukan. Salah satu hai yang diperdebatkan saat ini adalah kemungkinan penerapan UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen dalam hubungan dokter dengan pasien. Untuk itu penulisan tesis bermaksud mengetahui Bagaimana hubungan hukum antara dokter dengan pasien dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia? Bagaimana tanggung jawab dokter terhadap kerugian yang dialami pasien dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia? Dan bagaimana kecenderungan pertanggungjawaban dokter terhadap kerugian pasien dalam beberapa putusan pengadilan di Indonesia? Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif, yakni lebih mengacu kepada penelitian kepustakaan yang bersumber pada data sekunder seperti norma-norma hukum tertulis, baik peraturan perundang-undangan, maupun putusan-putusan pengadilan, serta literatur tertulis lainnya. Kemudian sebagai pendukung analisis data sekunder, penulis juga menggunakan data primer yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara. Data yang didapat kemudian dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis yakni menggambarkan, menganalisa, serta menjelaskan mengenai hubungan hukum dan tanggung jawab dokter terhadap kerugian pasien. Dari analisis yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa hubungan hukum antara dokter dengan pasien dapat terjadi karena transaksi atau perjanjian terapeutik dan karena perintah undang-undang, yakni zaakwarneming. Dalam perjanjian terapeutik yang menjadi prestasi dokter pada umumnya adalah upaya penyembuhan, bukan hasiL Oleh karena itu perjanjian terapeutik bersifat inpanningverbintenis. Salah satu faktor penting dalam perjanjian terapeutik adalah kesepakatan pasien untuk dilakukan tindakan medis, yang disebut informed consenl atau persetujuan tindakan medis. Dalam informed consent, persetujuan yang diberikan harus berdasarkan informasi dari dokter mengenai tindakan medis yang akan dilakukan. Dalam hal terjadi kerugian yang diderita pasien, pada umumnya dokter dapat dikenakan pertanggungjawaban jika dokter dapat dipersalahkan karena melakukan tindakan medis yang tidak sesuai dengan standar atau dokter tidak melaksanakan apa yang menjadi kewajibannya, sehingga pasien menderita kerugian. Selain itu juga ditemukan beberapa pemikiran yang memungkinkan dokter untuk dapat dikenakan pertanggungjawaban dengan menggunakan hukum perlindungan konsumen. Dalam praktik di Pengadilan terdapat ketidakseragaman dalam memandang tanggung jawab dokter. Namun terdapat pertimbangan Majelis Hakim yang mendekati dengan prinsip dalam Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, yaitu prinsip tanggung jawab berdasarkan kesalahan dengan prinsip praduga lalai dan praduga bertanggung jawab berdasarkan doktrin res ispa loquitor.

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In the healing effort by the physician, there are high risk which cannot be eliminated. The risks can be in the form of loss suffered by physician or patient. According to ioss suffered by patient, there are different opinion about physician’s liability, as a consequences of medical action. One interesting discourse in this problem nowadays is the possibility of applying of UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 about Consumer Protection to physician-patient relationship. The purposc of the writing of this ihesis WHS to disctiss the discourse and to reveal how contractual terms between physician and patient in law and regulation in Indonesia, and how they implemented in some court decisions in Indonesia. The research use normatif yuridis type research, namely more related to research of bibliography steming to written law nonns, either regulations or court decisions, by using primary and secondary data, including interview wherever needed. The data analysed by using analytical descriptive method, especially to describe, analyse, and explain the physician’s liability regarding the contractual terms between physician-patient, to loss suffered by patient From the analysis which had been done, i t can be concluded that contractual terms between physician and patient were happenerf due to therapeutic-ttansaction or therapeutic-agreement and due to cornand of law, namely zaakwameming. In therapeutic-transaction or therapeutic-agreement the physician’s duty is the healing effort, not the result Therefore therapeutic-agreement has the character of inpanningverbintenis. One important factor in therapeutic-agreement is the informed-consent, that is the patient’s agreement for the medical action. after receiving proper Information from the physician. In infonned ConsCnt, given approval bave to pursuant to infonnation of physician conceming medical action to be conducted. In the case of loss suffered by patient, the physician’s liability can be blamed if the physician can be blamed due to brake the standar operation procedure or the physician no execute its obligation, and the patient suffer a loss, and there is causality relation between those two (brake the standar operation procedure and patient’s loss). Beside that, it was also found that physician’s liability can also be insist using UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 about Consumer Protection. In implementation, as analysed from court decisions collected for this thesis writing, there are differences in looking at physicians liability. However, there are consideration of Judges which using fault based liability principle with presumption of negligence and presumption liability principle, base on “res ispa loquisor" doctrine."

"In the healing effort by the physician, there are high risk which cannot be eliminated. The risks can be in the form of loss suffered by physician or patient. According to loss suffered by patient, there are different opinion about physician's liability, as a consequences of medical action. One interesting discourse in this problem nowadays is the possibility of applying of UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 about Consumer Protection to physician-paticnt relationship. The purpose of the writing of this thesis was to discuss the discourse and to reveal how contractual terms between physician and patient in law and regulation in Indonesia, and how they implemented in some court decisions in Indonesia. The research use normatif yuridis type research, namely more related to research of bibliography steming to written law norms, either regulations or court decisions, by using primary and secondary data, including interview wherever needed. The data analysed by using analytical descriptive method, especially to describe, analyse, and explain the physician's liability regarding the contractual terms between physician-patient, to loss suffered by patient. From the analysis which had been done, it can be concluded that contractual terms between physician and patient were happened due to therapeutic-transaction or therapeutic-agreement and due to comand of law, namely zaakwarneming. In therapeutic-transaction or therapeutic-agreement the physician's duty is the healing effort, not the result Therefore therapeutic-agreement has the character of inpannmgverbintenis. One important factor in therapeutic-agreement is the informed-consent, that is the patient's agreement for the medical action after receiving proper information from the physician. In informed consent, given approval have to pursuant to information of physician concerning medical action to be conducted. In the case of loss suffered by patient, the physician's liability can be blamed if the physician can be blamed due to brake the standar operation procedure or the physician no execute its obligation, and the patient suffer a loss, and there is causality relation between those two (brake the standar operation procedure and patient's loss). Beside that, it was also found that physician's liability can ¿so be insist using UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 about Consumer Protection. In implementation, as analysed from court decisions collected for this thesis writing, there are differences in looking at physicians* liability. However, there are consideration of Judges which using fault based liability principle with presumption of negligence and presumption liability principle, base on 'res ispa loquitor' doctrine."