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"This paper examines Japan's response to ‘external pressure’, mainly from Europe and the US, focussing on the ‘mercantile response’ by merchants and financiers. Before the beginning of free trade in 1859, many money exchange merchants in Osaka transacted with merchants and wealthy farmers from Hyogo to Kaizuka, along the coastal area of Osaka Bay. Despite the succession of bankruptcies in 1868, the financial market continued to function, and a number of the surviving exchange merchants established banks themselves. The Meiji government promoted the modernisation of the economy rejecting foreign capital, a situation unusual in international comparison. The government feared that, once foreign capital entered Japan, it would be difficult to prohibit interior trade by foreign merchants. Japan was able to achieve modern industrial development without foreign capital due to the industrial investment by merchants and financiers operating from the Edo period. However, financing from banks had a strict screening process, and few among the small- and medium-sized bourgeoisie were able to secure loans. The outcome of Japan's industrial revolution was thus a bi-polar economic structure, with giant capital on the one hand, and small businesses and farmers on the other."

"Kebijakan pemerintah membangun kawasan dan pemberian status kawasan khusus pada daerah tertentu seperti KEK, FTZ, dan KSN untuk menarik investasi, merupakan bentuk aglomerasi spasial ekonomi di Indonesia. Eksternalitas positif dari aglomerasi tersebut akan menghasilkan efisiensi biaya-biaya akuisisi usaha, faktor produksi, dan informasi. Oleh karena itu, aglomerasi dapat menarik pertumbuhan realisasi investasi penanaman modal asing (PMA). Penelitian ini mengukur dampak aglomerasi akibat kebijakan pemerintah dalam menarik PMA yang didasarkan atas tipe sumber dana investasi (asing atau lokal) serta dikontrol oleh beberapa faktor determinan investasi lainnya. Menggunakan regresi data panel dari 34 provinsi di Indonesia dengan periode waktu 2013–2019, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aglomerasi investasi asing berdampak positif bagi PMA.

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Government policy to establish regional concentration and the granting special area status to certain areas such as KEK, FTZ, and KSN to attract investment, is a form of economic spatial agglomeration in Indonesia. Positive externalities coming from agglomeration results in the reduction of business acquisition costs, production factors, and information. Therefore, agglomeration can encourage the growth of foreign direct investment (FDI). This study measures the impact of agglomeration on the FDI based on the type of source of investment funds (foreign or local) and controlled by several other determinants. Using a panel of regression data from 34 provinces in Indonesia with a time period of 2013 - 2019, the results show that the agglomeration of foreign investment has a positive impact on FDI."

"Penelitian ini mempunyai tiga buah tujuan yang hendak dicapai. Pertama, mengonfirmasi anggapan umum bahwa MNC di Indonesia mempunyai produktivitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan perusahaan lokal. Kedua, menganalisis pengaruh kehadiran MNC intra-industri dalam kabupaten/kota yang sama di industri manufaktur Indonesia selama periode 2004-2008 dan ketiga, menganalisis pengaruh dari absorptive capacity bagi produktivitas tenaga kerja setiap perusahaan, baik MNC maupun perusahaan lokal. Kebijakan untuk menarik masuk MNC melalui mekanisme Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) sangat umum dijalankan oleh pemerintah di negara berkembang, tidak terkecuali Indonesia karena dipercaya MNC membawa teknologi yang superior sehingga diharapkan teknologi ini dapat menciptakan spillover effect berupa kenaikan produktivitas tenaga kerja di perusahaan lokal. Spillover dalam penelitian ini diukur melalui rasio antara jumlah tenaga kerja MNC terhadap total tenaga kerja di setiap industri 5-digit KBLI. Melalui teknik estimasi fixed effect data panel, kesimpulan yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa MNC di Indonesia tidak terbukti mempunyai produktivitas tenaga kerja lebih tinggi dibandingkan perusahaan lokal sehingga tidak terdapat spillover dari kehadiran MNC bagi perusahaan lokal. Selain itu, absorptive capacity terbukti berpengaruh positif bagi produktivitas MNC dan perusahaan lokal.

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This study has three objectives. First, to confirm common consesus that foreign multinationals in Indonesia have higher labor productivity compared to local firms. Second, to examine impact of intra-industry and intra-regency foreign multinationals presence on local firms? labor productivity in Indonesian manufacturing industries from 2004 to 2008 and third, to examine impact of absorptive capacity on MNC?s and local firms? labor productivity.

Policy to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is commonly created by government in developing countries, including Indonesia because it is widely believed that foreign multinationals possess superior technology than those of local firms; hence the presence of foreign multinationals is expected to create spillover effect in form of increasing local firms? labor productivity. This research measured spillover using ratio of employment in foreign multinational to total employment in each 5-digit industries sectors.

Using fixed effect panel data estimation method, this study reached several conclusions: Foreign multinationals in Indonesia do not have higher labor productivity than local firms hence we cannot expect spillover effect from foreign multinationals presence to exist. Another conclusion is absorptive capacity has positive impact on MNC?s and local firms? labor productivity."

"Investasi Langsung Asing telah menjadi aspek penting bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi. Banyak negara mendorong kebijakan pembukaan investasi asing (FDI) yang ditujukan untuk pertumbuhan. Meski begitu, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa arus masuk FDI memiliki efek spillover yang ambigu. Studi ini ditujukan meneliti efek spillover horizontal, dengan mempertimbangkan perbedaan teknologi perusahaan domestik dengan perusahaan asing, terhadap produktivitas perusahaan domestik. Dengan menggunakan data panel tingkat perusahaan dalam sektor manufaktur Indonesia, kami menemukan bahwa efek spillover horizontal dan kesenjangan teknologi menghambat produktivitas perusahaan domestik. Ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi internal perusahaan harus efisien agar perusahaan domestik dapat memperoleh manfaat dari kehadiran perusahaan multinasional.

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Foreign Direct Investment continues to be an important aspect for economic growth, as many countries push open-FDI policies intended to growth. Despite this, research shows that FDI inflows have mixed spillover effects. We study whether horizontal spillovers, taking into account technological gaps of domestic firms with foreign subsidiaries, yield spillover effects to domestic firms. Using firm-level panel data in the Indonesian manufacturing, we find that horizontal spillovers and technology gaps hamper domestic firms’ productivity. This shows that the internal conditions of the firm must be efficient in order for domestic firms to gain benefits from multinationals’ presence."

"ABSTRAKKesiapsiagaan Emergency Response Team Kota CilegonTerhadap : Bencana Industri Di Kawasan Industri Zona I;Pembimbing : Prof. Dra.Fatma Lestari, M.Si, PhD.Perkembangan Industri Kota Cilegon memberikan dampak kerawanan bencanateknologi yang tinggi, kerawanan tersebut terlihat dari banyaknya jumlah industridengan pengelolaan bahan kimia sebagai bahan dasarnya, Luas Kota Cilegon 17.550Ha, dengan letak geografis pada posisi 5 52 rsquo;24 rdquo; - 6 04 rsquo;07 rdquo; Lintang Selatan dan105 54 rsquo;05 rdquo; - 106 05 rsquo;11 rdquo; Bujur Timur, jumlah usaha / perusahaan yang ada di KotaCilegon sebanyak 43.900 perusahaan Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Banten, 2016 ,dari sejumlah usaha /perusahaan tersebut Kota Cilegon membagi menjadi tiga KawasanIndustri, yaitu:a. Zona Satu berada di Kecamatan Citangkil, Ciwandan, Cilegon, Grogol;b. Zona Dua berada di Kecamatan Citangkil, Ciwandan, Grogol;c. Zona Tiga berada di Kecamatan Grogol dan Pulomerak.Sebagai salahsatu bentuk kesiapsiagaan bencana industri di Kota Cilegon makadibentuklah Emergency Response Team dari lintas sektoral baik dari unsur TNI-Polri,Lembaga atau Non Lembaga Kementrian, OPD Pemerintah Kota Cilegon di bidangBencana, Pihak Swasta terutama di tiga kawasan industri yang dikenal dengan ZonaAMC Anyer, Merak, Ciwandan , kawasan dengan Risiko bencana industri terbesaradalah Zona I Kawasan Industri Kota Cilegon, sehingga Zona I membentuk CiwandanEmergency Response Team sebagai upaya kesiapsiagaan terhadap bencana industri, danperlu program , sarana prasarana, jalur komando dalam membangun kesiapsiagaan yangtangguh sebagai kesiapsiagaan terhadap bencana industri..Kata kunci:Bencana Industri, Kesiapsiagaan , Emergency Response Team Kota Cilegon

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Abstract Industrial Development of Cilegon City gives high impact of technological disaster, the vulnerability is seen from the number of industries with chemical management as its basic material, Cilegon City Area 17,550 Ha, with geographical position at 5 52 39 24 6 04 39 07 South Latitude and 105 54 39 05 106 05 39 11 East longitude, the number of businesses companies in the City of Cilegon as many as 43,900 companies Central Bureau of Statistics of Banten Province, 2016 , from a number of businesses companies Kota Cilegon divided into three Industrial Zones, namely a. Zone One is located in Citangkil Sub district, Ciwandan, Cilegon, Grogol b. Zone Two is located in Citangkil Sub district, Ciwandan, Grogol c. Zone Three is located in District Grogol and Pulomerak.As one of the forms of industrial bancana preparedness in Cilegon City, Emergency Response Team was formed from cross sectoral from elements of TNI Polri, Institution or Non Ministry Institution, OPD Cilegon Government in Disaster, Private Party especially in three industrial area known as Zone AMC Anyer, Merak, Ciwandan , the largest industrial disaster area is Zone I of Cilegon Industrial Zone, so Zone I establishes the Ciwandan Emergency Response Team as an effort to prepare for industrial disaster, and needs program, infrastructure, command line in building preparedness tough as disaster preparedness for industry. Keywords Industrial Disaster, Preparedness, Emergency Response Team Kota Cilegon "