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"COVID-19 pandemic has substantially altered socioeconomic conditions. Whereas the decline in living standards for a majority of population is reported, little is known about how COVID-19 affects people’s lives and social discrepancies in emerging economies. To this end, we empirically analyze the 2020 Indonesian Labor Force Survey data, finding that COVID-19 has given idiosyncratic risks and impacts to people by gender, age, education, regions, and occupations. We find that income and job loss are the most prominent among males, younger and less educated people, as well as among self-employed and part-time non-agricultural workers. These tendencies are not pronounced for people enjoying high income and mobility but tend to be evident when they have urban residency and the existence of dependents. We, therefore, conclude that in the absence of special governmental subsidies targeting these disadvantaged groups, social discrepancies of income and employment are expected to widen even further.

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Pandemi COVID-19 telah secara substansial mengubah kondisi sosial ekonomi. Sementara penurunan standar hidup untuk sebagian besar populasi, sedikit yang diketahui tentang bagaimana COVID-19 memengaruhi kehidupan masyarakat dan kesenjangan sosial di negara berkembang. Penelitian ini menganalisis secara empiris data Survei Angkatan Kerja Indonesia 2020 (SAKERNAS) dan menemukan bahwa COVID-19 telah memberikan risiko dan dampak yang berbeda kepada orang-orang berdasarkan jenis kelamin, usia, pendidikan, wilayah, dan pekerjaan. Dalam penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa laki-laki, pekerja usia muda dan kurang berpendidikan, serta sektor informal lebih beresiko mengalami penurunan pendapatan dan kehilangan pekerjaan. Kecenderungan-kecenderungan ini tidak terlihat pada orang-orang yang memiliki mobilitas tinggi, tetapi cenderung terlihat ketika mereka memiliki tempat tinggal perkotaan dan adanya tanggungan keluarga. Oleh karena itu, kami menyimpulkan bahwa dengan tidak adanya subsidi khusus pemerintah yang menargetkan kelompok-kelompok yang kurang beruntung ini, kesenjangan sosial pendapatan dan pekerjaan diperkirakan akan semakin melebar."

"Kehilangan pekerjaan orang tua merupakan fenomena yang umum, bahkan hal ini juga bisa terjadi ketika perekonomian sedang tumbuh. Disisi lain, dampak dari kehilangan pekerjaan tidak hanya dirasakan oleh para pekerja melainkan juga dirasakan oleh pasangan dan anak-anaknya. Dengan menggunakan data IFLS 4 dan 5 serta model regresi logistik, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah kehilangan pekerjaan orang tua berpengaruh terhadap pencapaian pendidikan anak. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa anak dari orang tua yang pernah mengalami kehilangan pekerjaan memiliki probabilitas lebih rendah untuk lulus SMA/sederajat dan melanjutkan pendidikannya ke jenjang perguruan tinggi. Pengaruh dari fenomena kehilangan pekerjaan orang tua ini semakin besar seiring dengan jenjang pendidikan yang semakin tinggi. Selain itu, studi ini juga mengungkap bahwa fenomena kehilangan pekerjaan orang tua tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pencapaian pendidikan anak untuk keluarga yang relatif miskin.

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Parental Job Loss is a common phenomenon, even when the economy is growing. On the other hand, the effect of parental job loss is not only felt by the workers but also their spouses and children. Using IFLS 4 and 5 as well as logistic regression models, this study aims to see whether parental job loss has an effect on children educational attainment. The results of this study found that children of parents who have experienced job loss have a lower probability of graduating from senior high school and obtain any post-secondary education. The magnitude of the influence of the phenomenon of parental job loss is getting bigger along with the higher level of education. In addition, this study also reveals that the phenomenon of parental job loss does not have a significant effect on children educational attainment for relatively poor families."

"Kegiatan Konstruksi merupakan unsur penting dalam pembangunan. Proses pembangunan proyek konstruksi pada umumnya merupakan kegiatan yang banyak mengandung unsur bahaya dikarenakan pada pelaksanaannya selalu melibatkan sumber daya manusia yang sering sekali bekerja pada lokasi sulit, tidak nyaman, semuanya bersifat sementara dan diperburuk lagi dengan kualitas sumber daya manusia yang ada. Hal tersebut menyebabkan industri konstruksi mempunyai catatan yang buruk dalam hal keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja. Dengan masih tingginya angka kecelakaan kerja pada tempat kegiatan konstruksi serta adanya tuntutan global dalam perlindungan tenaga kerja, maka diperlukan penerapan SMK3 untuk mewujudkan tercapainya zero accident sehingga waktu pelaksanaan konstruksi dapat selesai sesuai dengan jadwal. Untuk mencegah terjadinya kecelakaan yang berakibat adanya kehilangan jam kerja sehingga dapat mengganggu waktu pelaksanaan maka diperlukan identifikasi faktor-faktor dalam penerapan SMK3 yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kehilangan jam kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor dalam penerapan SMK3 yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kehilangan jam kerja. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan pendekatan kuantitatif berupa survey langsung ke lapangan. Survey ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara menyebar kuesioner atau dengan cara wawancara langsung dengan para ahli yang berkompeten mengenai masalah yang dibahas dalam penelitian. Data-data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis secara statistik. Analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis komparatif, analisis dekriptif dan pendekatan AHP. Berdasarkan analisis statistik dapat diketahui bahwa tenaga kerja yang tidak terampil merupakan faktor dominan dalam penerapan SMK3 yang berpengaruh terhadap kehilangan jam kerja.

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Activity of construction is an important element in development. In general, the process development of construction project represent activity which containing many danger element because of its execution always entangle human resource which often put hand to difficult location, not balmy, and made worse with quality of human resource. It is cause the construction industry have bad record in the case of safety. With still number height accident and also the existence of global demand in protection of labour, hence needed applying of SMK3 for tired realizing of accident zero so that time execution of construction can finish as according to schedule. To prevent the happening of accident causing the existence of losing of office hours so that can bother execution time hence needed to identify factors in applying of most having an effect on SMK3 to losing of work hours. This research aim to identify factors in applying of most having an effect on SMK3 to losing of work hours. This research use quantitative approach in the form of direct survey. This survey can be conducted by disseminating kuesioner or by direct interview with the expert who have competence in the problem of which is discussed in this research. And then data analysed statistically. The analysis which used are comparative analysis, descriptive analysis and AHP approach. Pursuant to statistical analysis can know that labour which is not skillful represent dominant factor in applying of SMK3 having an effect on to losing of work hours."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang kebijakan jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan baru di Indonesia, yaitu program Jaminan Kehilangan Pekerjaan (JKP). Program ini diatur di dalam UU No 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja beserta peraturan turunannya PP No 37 Tahun 2021. JKP merupakan program komplementer yang menyempurnakan rogram jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan lainnya yang telah lebih dahulu diberlakukan di Indonesia, meliputi: (1) Jaminan kecelakaan kerja (JKK); (2) Jaminan hari tua (JHT); (3) Jaminan pensiun (JP); (4) Jaminan kematian (JKm). Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh maraknya kasus PHK terhadap pekerja formal yang berdampak pada meningkatnya angka pengangguran di Indonesia. Hal ini disebabkan oleh krisis ekonomi akibat pandemi Covid-19 dan kondisi ekonomi makro saat ini yang mengharuskan perusahaan untuk menyesuaikan proses bisnis demi keberlangsungan perusahaan. Maka dari itu, perusahaan memiliki keleluasaan dalam melakukan perekrutan atau pemecatan pekerja. Hal ini berimplikasi pada kondisi pekerja di era labor market flexibility, yang mana terjadi liberalisasi industri di dalamnya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dan non-reaktif melalui kajian literatur. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan perkembangan kebijakan jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan secara periode waktu yang diawali sejak tahun 1950 hingga kemunculan program Jaminan Kehilangan Pekerjaan (JKP) pada tahun 2021 di Indonesia. Adapun layanan jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan yang berlaku selama kurun waktu tersebut, di antaranya: Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja (JKK), Tabungan Hari Tua (THT), Jaminan Kematian (JKm), Jaminan Pensiun (JP), Jaminan Pemeliharaan Kesehatan (JPK), dan Jaminan Kehilangan Pekerjaan (JKP). Program tersebut diselenggarakan oleh badan penyelenggara program jaminan sosial ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia, yaitu: (i) BPJAMSOSTEK, (ii) PT Tabungan Asuransi Pegawai Negeri (PT Taspen); dan (iii) PT Asuransi Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (PT Asabri). Perkembangan kebijakan perlindungan sosial jika dilihat secara substantif bertransformasi dari bentuk bantuan sosial, jaminan sosial, hingga pengembangan potensi. Aspek pengembangan potensi ini ditandai oleh kemunculan dua manfaat baru dari JKP, yaitu akses layanan informasi kerja dan program pelatihan kerja. Kedua manfaat ini merupakan bentuk pengadopsian konsep Active Labor Market Policies pada JKP. Penulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa program JKP merupakan pengejawantahan dari perpaduan antara konsep Passive Labor Market Policies yang meliputi aspek perlindungan pendapatan, serta Active Labor Market Policies yang meliputi aspek pelatihan kerja atau reskilling/upskilling, dan aspek perilaku atau behavior. Pengadopsian dalam program ini berperan penting dalam melindungi pekerja sektor formal dari resiko ekonomi akibat PHK. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan bersumbangsih bagi program studi Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial berupa pengayaan mata kuliah Kesejahteraan Sosial Industri, Kebijakan Sosial, Perundang-Undangan Sosial.

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This study discusses about the new employment social security policy in Indonesia, Job Loss Insurance (JKP) program. The program is regulated by Law No. 11 of 2020 on Work Custody and its derivative regulation No. 37 of 2021. JKP is a complementary program that perfects other employment social security programs that have been implemented in Indonesia, including: (1) Work accident insurance (JKK); (2) old age insurance (JHT); (3) Retirement insurance (JP); (4) Death insurance (JKM). This study was set back by the proliferation of layoff cases against formal workers which had an impact on the increase in the unemployment rate in Indonesia. This is due to the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the current macroeconomic conditions that require companies to adjust business processes for the company's sustainability. Therefore, the company has the flexibility to undertake recruitment or dismissal of workers. This implicates workers in the labor market flexibility era, in which industrial liberalization occurred. This study is descriptive and non-reactive research through literature studies. The purpose of this study is to describe the development of a time-period social security policy starting from 1950 until the advent of the JKP program in 2021 in Indonesia. The employment social security services that apply during this period include: Job Accident Guarantee (JKK), Old Age Savings (THT), Death Guarantee (JKM), Pension Guarantee (JP), Health Maintenance Guarantee (JPK), and Job Loss Guarantee (JKP). The program is organized by the organizing agency of the employment social security program in Indonesia, namely: (i) BPJAMSSOSTEK, (ii) PT Savings Insurgency Servants (PT Taspen); and (iii) PT Insurahan Armed Forces Republic of Indonesia (PT Asabri). The development of social protection policies when viewed as substantially transformed from forms of social aid, social security, to potential development. This aspect of potential development is characterized by the emergence of two new benefits of JKP, namely access to job information services and job training programs. Both of these benefits are a form of adopting the concept of Active Labor Market Policies on JKP. This paper concludes that the JKP program is an argument against the combination of the concept of Passive Labor Market Policies that includes the aspect of income protection, and Active Labor Market Policies that includes the aspect of job training or reskilling/upskilling, and the aspect of behavior or behavior. Adopting this program plays an important role in protecting formal sector workers from economic risks caused by layoffs. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the Social Welfare Studies program in the form of enrichment of courses in Industrial Social Welfare, Social Policy, Social Legislation."

"Prevalensi obesitas pada penduduk dewasa terus mengalami peningkatan. Secara umum, obesitas disebabkan ketidakseimbangan antara energi yang masuk dan yang keluar dalam waktu yang lama. Bekerja merupakan kegiatan yang menghabiskan banyak waktu di kehidupan manusia. Seorang pekerja menggunakan lebih dari sepertiga waktunya dalam sehari di tempat kerja, sehingga faktor pekerjaan memengaruhi kebiasaan makan dan aktivitas mereka, yang dapat mengakibatkan kelebihan berat badan dan obesitas Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari hubungan sektor pekerjaan dan jam kerja dengan kejadian obesitas pada pekerja di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) tahun 2014.Hasil analisis dengan metode regresi logistik biner menunjukkan bahwa sektor pekerjaan dan jam kerja memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan obesitas pada pekerja. Pekerja di sektor jasa dan industri memiliki kecenderungan lebih besar untuk mengalami obesitas dibanding pekerja di sektor pertanian. Selain itu jam kerja yang lebih panjang juga meningkatkan kecenderungan mengalami obesitas. Kejadian obesitas pada pekerja juga dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh pola konsumsi, kebiasaan merokok, umur, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, status perkawinan, dan penggunaan tenaga/usaha fisik dalam pekerjaan.

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The prevalence of obesity in the adult population continues to increase. In general, obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure for a long time. Work is an activity that spends a lot of time in human life. A worker uses more than a third of his time in the day at work, so work factors affect their eating habits and activities, which can lead to overweight and obesity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between job sector and working hours with the incidence of obesity in Indonesia workers. The data used in this study is the 2014 Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS).The results of the analysis with binary logistic regression method indicate that the job sector and working hours have a significant relationship with obesity in workers. Workers in the service and industry sectors have a greater tendency to be obese than workers in the agricultural sector. Longer working hours increase the tendency to be obese. The incidence of obesity in workers is also significantly affected by consumption patterns, smoking habits, age, gender, education level, marital status, and the use of physical labor at work."

"Tujuan: Menganalisis korelasi kehilangan gigi dengan kemampuan mastikasi perempuan pasca menopause. Latar belakang: Pada perempuan menopause terjadi perubahan fisiologis akibat perubahan hormon. Salah satu akibatnya adalah penurunan densitas tulang yang berkontribusi terhadap hilangnya gigi. Fungsi mastikasi dipengaruhi oleh jumlah gigi, namun masih belum jelas bagaimana hubungan fungsi mastikasi yang dinilai secara subyektif dengan kehilangan gigi pada perempuan pasca menopause terutama di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dengan subyek 95 perempuan pasca menopause di Posbindu Lansia Pergeri Depok, Jawa Barat. Subyek menjawab kuesioner kemampuan mastikasi dan dilakukan pemeriksaan intra oral. Analisis Chi Square digunakan untuk menghubungkan usia, lama menopause, tingkat pendidikan, kehilangan gigi dan pemakaian gigi tiruan dengan kemampuan mastikasi. Hasil: Subyek lansia sebanyak 71% dan lama menopause >5 tahun dialami 79% subyek. Tingkat pendidikan terbanyak adalah lulus sekolah menengah (46% subyek). Sebanyak 47% subyek mengalami kehilangan >10 gigi, 27% subyek kehilangan 6-10 gigi dan 26% subyek kehilangan <6 gigi. 76% subyek tidak memakai gigi tiruan. Kemampuan mastikasi memiliki hubungan bermakna (p<0,05) dengan kehilangan gigi (p=0,011), lama menopause (p=0,009) dan usia (p=0,025). Penggunaan gigi tiruan (p=0,611) dan pendidikan (p=0,849) tak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kemampuan mastikasi. Kesimpulan: Jumlah gigi hilang, lama menopause, dan usia mempengaruhi kemampuan mastikasi perempuan pasca menopause secara signifikan.

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Objective: To determine association between tooth loss and masticatory ability in post menopausal women.

Background: Hormonal physiological changes in post menopausal women reduce bone density which leads to tooth loss. Masticatory function is affected by the number of teeth, but it is not yet clear how the subjectively perceived masticatory function associates with tooth loss in post menopausal women in Indonesia.

Method: Cross sectional study of 95 post menopausal women at Posbindu Lansia Pergeri Depok, West Java was performed. Subjects answered questionnaires about masticatory ability and intra oral examination was performed. Chi square analysis was conducted to relate age, menopausal period, educational level, tooth loss and denture use with masticatory ability.

Results: There were 71% elderly subjects and 79% subjects have experienced menopausal period ≥5 years. Forty-six percent of subjects were highschool graduates. Forty-seven percent subjects lost >10 teeth, 27% subjects lost 6-10 teeth and 26% subjects lost <6 teeth. Seventy-six percent of subjects did not wear dentures. Menopausal period (p=0.09), tooth loss (p=0.011), and age (p=0.025) had significant correlation with masticatory ability (p<0.05). Educational status (p=0.611) and denture wearing (p=0.849) did not significantly affect masticatory ability.

Conclusion: Masticatory ability in post menopausal women is significantly affected by length of menopausal period, tooth loss and age. "

"Kehilangan gigi dan pemakaian gigi tiruan dapat mempengaruhi asupan makanan seseorang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan kehilangan gigi dan pemakaian gigi tiruan terhadap status nutrisi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode potong lintang pada 129 subjek berusia 34-80 tahun. Subjek diperiksa kehilangan giginya kemudian diwawancara menggunakan kuesioner Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Data dianalisis menggunakan piranti lunak statistik. Hasil uji analisis chi-square menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara kehilangan gigi dan status nutrisi (p=0,712) dan antara pemakaian gigi tiruan dan status nutrisi (p=0,252). Ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara usia dan status nutrisi, tingkat pendidikan dan status nutrisi, serta usia dan pemakaian gigi tiruan.

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Teeth loss and denture wearing can affect a person's food intake. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation of tooth loss and denture wearing on nutritional status. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional method on 129 subjects aged 34-80 years. Subjects had their teeth checked and interviewed using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire. Data was analyzed using statistical software. The result of chi-square analysis showed no significant relation between tooth loss and nutritional status (p = 0.712) and between denture wearing and nutritional status (p = 0.252). Relation was found between age and nutritional status, educational level and nutritional status, and the age and denture wearing."

"[ABSTRAKTulisan ini membahas ruang lingkup tahapan pemisahan (distilasi), sebagaitahapan yang penting dalam pemisahan komponen agar mendapatkan komponenyang murni. Dalam tahapan distilasi ini, terjadi perbedaan yang dipengaruhi olehtekanan, temperatur, konsentrasi, dan kecepatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmenganalisa nilai kehilangan eksergi di setiap tray pada konfigurasi tertentu darisetiap pemisahan multikomponen. Komponen yang dipisahkan dari kilang LNGberupa metana, etana, propana, n-butana, i-butana dan i-pentana. Data eksperimenkhususnya komposisi untuk komponen yang dipisahkan tersebut diperoleh daripenelitian sebelumnya. Metode perhitungan yang digunakan mengacu padapenelitian sebelumnya. Konfigurasi pemisahan komponen berdasarkan titik didihmenghasilkan exergy loss sebesar 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost yang dibutuhkanuntuk kondensor sebesar US$ 6.892.639 dan untuk reboiler sebesar US$ 11.054.Konfigurasi pemisahan komponen berdasarkan fraksi terbesar menghasilkanexergy loss sebesar 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost yang dibutuhkan untuk kondensorsebesar US$ 6.898.806 dan untuk reboiler sebesar US$ 19.382. Konfigurasipemisahan komponen berdasarkan equimolar menghasilkan exergy loss sebesar23.012,08 MW. Utility cost yang dibutuhkan untuk kondensor sebesar US$6.900.682 dan untuk reboiler sebesar US$ 21.939.Semakin kecil nilai exergy lossakan semakin kecil pula utility cost yang dibutuhkan.

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ABSTRACTThis research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as animportant stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a purecomponent. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected bypressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on thesimulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration formulticomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant aremethane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment dataforcomposition of the separated components written by previous researcher. Themethod is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separationby boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost requiredfor the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054.Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergyloss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation byequimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required forthe condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the valueof exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.;This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as animportant stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a purecomponent. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected bypressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on thesimulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration formulticomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant aremethane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment dataforcomposition of the separated components written by previous researcher. Themethod is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separationby boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost requiredfor the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054.Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergyloss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation byequimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required forthe condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the valueof exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.;This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as animportant stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a purecomponent. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected bypressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on thesimulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration formulticomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant aremethane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment dataforcomposition of the separated components written by previous researcher. Themethod is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separationby boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost requiredfor the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054.Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergyloss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation byequimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required forthe condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the valueof exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.;This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as animportant stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a purecomponent. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected bypressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on thesimulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration formulticomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant aremethane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment dataforcomposition of the separated components written by previous researcher. Themethod is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separationby boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost requiredfor the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054.Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergyloss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation byequimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required forthe condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the valueof exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.;This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as animportant stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a purecomponent. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected bypressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on thesimulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration formulticomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant aremethane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment dataforcomposition of the separated components written by previous researcher. Themethod is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separationby boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost requiredfor the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054.Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergyloss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation byequimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required forthe condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the valueof exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.;This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as animportant stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a purecomponent. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected bypressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on thesimulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration formulticomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant aremethane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment dataforcomposition of the separated components written by previous researcher. Themethod is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separationby boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost requiredfor the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054.Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergyloss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation byequimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required forthe condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the valueof exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too., This research discusses the scope of phase separation (distillation), as animportant stage in the separation of components in order to obtain a purecomponent. In this distillation stage, there is a difference which is affected bypressure, temperature, concentration, and speed. The main goals of research on thesimulation of distillation is to analyze exergy loss in each configuration formulticomponent separation. Component will be separated from LNG Plant aremethane, ethane, propane, n-butane, i-butane, and i-pentane. Experiment dataforcomposition of the separated components written by previous researcher. Themethod is arranged by previous researcher. Configuration component separationby boiling point has produced exergy loss of 9.220,57 MW. Utility cost requiredfor the condenser of US$ 6.892.639 and for the reboiler of US$ 11.054.Configuration component separation by the largest fraction has produced exergyloss of 12.582,29 MW. Utility cost required for the condenser of US$ 6.898.806and for the reboiler of US$ 19.382. Configuration component separation byequimolar has produced exergy loss of 23.012,08 MW. Utility cost required forthe condenser of US$ 6.900.682 and for the reboiler of US$ 21,939. If the valueof exergy loss is small, It will be needed utility cost that small too.]"

"Latar Belakang: Untuk menilai status kesehatan gigi dan mulut, selama puluhan tahun para ahli studi epidemiologi kesehatan komunitas menggunakan indeks Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMF-T). Berdasarkan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar pada tahun 2018, rerata skor indeks DMF-T penduduk Indonesia sebesar 7,1 yang tergolong tinggi. Kehilangan gigi merupakan kondisi oral ireversibel yang dideskripsikan sebagai indikator final mengenai keparahan kondisi kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Kehilangan gigi menyebabkan kerusakan fungsional, estetika, dan sosial-psikologis serta berdampak sangat besar terhadap kualitas hidup individu. Kehilangan gigi dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor. Maka dari itu, diperlukan data mengenai pengaruh berbagai faktor risiko terhadap kehilangan gigi pada berbagai kelompok usia.Tujuan: Memperoleh data hubungan faktor risiko dan rerata jumlah kehilangan gigi pada subjek usia 31-75 tahun dari radiograf panoramik digital. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa 375 sampel radiograf panoramik digital subjek usia 31-75 tahun di Rumah Sakit Khusus Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indoneisa (RSKGM FKGUI). Subjek dibagi menjadi 3. kategori: 31-45 tahun, 46-60 tahun, dan 61-75 tahun. Untuk mendapatkan jumlah kehilangan gigi dan data mengenai faktor risiko umur, jenis kelamin, karies/jumlah restorasi/lesi periapikal, dan kehilangan tulang/penyakit periodontal, dilakukan interpretasi radiograf panoramik digital. Kemudian dilakukan uji reliabilitas intraobserver dan interobserver dengan t-test dan Bland Altman. Hasil: Median, nilai minimum, dan nilai maksimum jumlah kehilangan gigi pada kelompok usia 31-45 tahun sejumlah 1 (0-5) gigi, usia 46-60 tahun sejumlah 5 (0-19) gigi, dan usia 61-75 tahun sejumlah 10 (2-28) gigi. Jumlah kehilangan gigi antar kelompok usia berbeda bermakna (p<0.05 berdasarkan uji Kruskal Wallis). Jumlah kehilangan gigi bertambah seiring penuaan usia. Analisis korelasi faktor-faktor risiko terhadap kehilangan gigi menunjukkan bahwa usia dan status periodontal berhubungan sangat kuat dengan kehilangan gigi, jumlah karies gigi dan lesi periapikal memiliki hubungan sedang dengan kehilangan gigi, dan jenis kelamin dan jumlah restorasi gigi memiliki hubungan lemah dengan kehilangan gigi. Kesimpulan: Jumlah kehilangan gigi pada usia 31-45 tahun berbeda bermakna dibandingkan pada usia 46-60 dan 61-75 tahun. Kehilangan gigi cenderung bertambah seiring penuaan usia. Faktor risiko yang hubungannya sangat kuat dengan kehilangan gigi adalah usia dan kehilangan tulang.

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Background: To assess community oral health status, for several decades, epidemiologists have always used Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMF-T) index. Based on the 2018 Basic Health Research, the mean of DMF-T index of Indonesia’s population was 7.1, which was considered high. Tooth loss is an irreversible oral condition that is often described as the final indicator of oral health status that causes functional, aesthetics, and social-psychological damage that greatly affects life quality. Tooth loss is a multi-factorial phenomenon. Thus, a concrete data is needed to assess the impact of risk factors on tooth loss in several age categories.

Objective: To obtain the data of tooth loss risk factors and the mean of missing teeth in 31-75-year-old subjects from digital panoramic radiograph.

Methods: This study was completed using secondary data of 375 digital panoramic radiographs in Universitas Indonesia Dental Hospital (RSKGM FKGUI). The subjects were devided into 3 categories: 31-45 years old, 46-60 years old, and 61-75 years old. In order to obtain the data of tooth loss and its risk factors: age, gender, caries/restoration/periapical disease, and periodontitis, the digital panoramic radiographs were interpreted. Then, the reliability test for both intraobserver and interobserver were conducted using t-test and Bland Altman test.

Results: The median, minimum, and maximum of tooth loss in the 31-45 years old group is 1 (0-5) teeth, 46-60 years old group is 5 (0-19) teeth, and 61-75 years old group is 10 (2-28) teeth. The number of tooth loss in all age groups are statistically different (p<0.05 in Kruskal Wallis test). The number of tooth loss increases as aging continues. Correlation analysis of the tooth loss risk factors showed that age and periodontitis have a very strong correlation with tooth loss, the number of tooth caries and periapical disease have a moderate correlation with tooth loss, and gender and restoration have a weak correlation with tooth loss.

Conclusion: The number tooth loss occurred in 31-45 years old group subject is significantly different compared to the number of tooth loss in 46-60 and 61-75 years old group. Tooth loss is strongly correlated with age and bone loss."

"Berakhirnya hubungan pekerjaan yang terjadi antara pemberi kerja dengan pekerja/buruh disebabkan karena Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (PHK) adalah masa yang berat bagi pekerja/buruh. Jaminan Kehilangan Pekerjaan (JKP) yang muncul pasca terbitnya Undang-undang Cipta Kerja Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 diharapkan menjadi sebuah jaminan sosial yang memberikan perlindungan bagi pekerja/buruh pasca PHK untuk dapat segera kembali bekerja dan dapat mempertahankan derajat kehidupan layak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif yang bersifat identifikasi masalah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa syarat minimum iuran pengklaiman JKP dan masa kerja yang relatif singkat terlebih untuk Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu (PKWT) rentan mengalami ketidakpastian hukum untuk dapat mengklaim JKP karena berlapisnya syarat iuran JKP. Keaktifan dan kolaborasi antara para pihak yang terlibat mulai dari penyelenggara, pemberi kerja dan pekerja menjadi faktor penting untuk dapat berjalannya program JKP. Masih rendahnya jumlah eks pekerja yang mengakses manfaat JKP adalah sebuah artian bahwa perlu meningkatkan dan melakukan evaluasi peraturan pelaksanaan program JKP agar memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja terlebih pekerja dengan perjanjian kerja relatif singkat.

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The termination of employment that occurs between employers and workers/laborers due to the Termination of Employment (PHK) is a difficult time for the workers/laborers. The emergence of Job Loss Insurance (JKP) following the issuance of Job Creation Law Number 11 of 2020 is expected to provide social protection for workers/ laborers after the Termination of Employment, allowing them to return to work promptly and maintain a decent standard of living. This research uses a normative juridical method to identify the issue. The research results show that the minimum requirements for JKP claim contributions and relatively short working periods, especially for Fixed-Term Employment Agreements (PKWT), can lead to legal uncertainties in claiming JKP due to the layered JKP contribution requirements. The effectiveness and collaboration among the involved parties, including organizers, employers, and workers, become crucial factors for the successful implementation of the JKP program. The low number of former workers accessing JKP benefits indicates the need to improve and evaluate the implementation regulations of the JKP program to provide legal protection, especially for workers with relatively short employment agreements."