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"Latar belakang: Penelitian analisis gaya jalan sebelumnya menemukan perubahan pada beberapa parameter gaya jalan populasi pengidap diabetes melitus (DM), bahkan sebelum timbulnya komplikasi seperti neuropati perifer. Sayangnya, penelitian-penelitian tersebut masih menggunakan teknologi dengan harga yang tinggi dan obtrusif. Belakangan ini alat analisis gaya jalan yang lebih terjangkau dan praktis yaitu sensor Kinect V2 sudah banyak digunakan, namun belum terdapat penelitian yang mengaplikasikan pada pengidap DM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan gaya jalan antara pengidap DM dewasa dengan orang dewasa tanpa DM menggunakan sensor Kinect V2. Metode: Penelitian ini melibatkan 10 orang dewasa tanpa DM dan 10 pasien DM. Subjek diminta mengisi kuesioner pendataan, lalu diminta berjalan sebanyak lima kali di hadapan sensor Kinect. Data yang didapat diuji konsistensi antar repetisi, lalu komponen gaya jalan berupa panjang langkah, waktu langkah, panjang stride, waktu stride, dan kecepatan langkah diambil dari setiap pengulangan. Uji T antar kedua populasi subjek dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan gaya jalan di antara orang dewasa tanpa DM dan pasien DM. Hasil: Kelima repetisi setiap subjek konsisten. Rerata komponen jalan pada pasien DM cenderung menurun, kecuali pada waktu stride. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan (p<0,05) antara kedua populasi pada panjang langkah dan stride serta kecepatan langkah. Kesimpulan: Hasil ini sesuai dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang menggunakan alat analisis gaya jalan pada pasien DM. Sensor Kinect sebagai alat analisis gaya jalan pada pasien DM, namun masih diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut.

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Introduction: Prior studies has discovered that some aspects of gait parameters can be altered in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), even before development of complications such as peripheral neuropathy. However, the studies used high-cost and obtrusive gait analysis tools. Recently, use of a more affordable and practical gait analysis tool, the Kinect V2 sensor, has been increasing but currently there are still no studies using Kinect V2 to analyze gait in DM patients. This study aims to compare gait parameters between adults without DM and adult DM patients using the Kinect V2 sensor. Method: This study compared 10 adults without DM and 10 adult DM patients as subjects. Their demographic data were collected with a questionnaire, while gait parameters were collected recording the subjects walking in front of the Kinect sensor for five repetitions. Inter-repetition consistency is analyzed using ANOVA, then the gait parameters (step length, step time, stride length, stride time, and gait velocity) were extracted from each repetition. Two-sample independent t-test was performed on the data between the two populations to determine the significant changes of gait parameters. Result: All five repetitions from all subjects were consistent. Adult DM patients has lower magnitude of gait parameters except for stride time. Significant differences (p<0,05) were found between populations on step length, stride length, and gait velocity. Conclusion: The results were in accordance with previous gait studies involving DM patients. Kinect is prospective to be a prospective tool to analyze gait parameters in DM patients. However, larger scale studies are still required."

"[TUJUAN: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan performa uji jalan 400 meter pada wanita antara penyandang diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2 dan individu sehat, dengan membandingkan kecepatan berjalan dan prediksi ambilan oksigen maksimal (VO2max). METODE: Subyek penelitian adalah wanita dengan DM tipe 2 dan individu sehat, yang dipasangkan berdasarkan kelompok umur. Dilakukan pemeriksaan awal berupa indeks massa tubuh, glukosa sewaktu, ankle-brachial index, tekanan darah, dan nadi pra uji latih. Sebelum diberikan uji jalan 400 meter, subyek melakukan pemanasan pada jalur 20 meter selama 2 menit. Selama pemanasan dan uji latih, nadi diukur tiap 30 detik. Tekanan darah sistolik diukur setelah pemanasan dan dalam 60 detik setelah uji latih. Uji jalan 400 meter dilakukan 2 kali pada hari yang berbeda.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the performa of the 400-meter walk test in women between people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy individuals, by comparing walking speed and predicted maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). METHOD: Study subjects were women with type 2 DM and healthy individuals, who were paired by age group. Initial examinations were carried out in the form of body mass index, glucose at any time, ankle-brachial index, blood pressure, and pulse before the training test. Before being given a 400-meter road test, the subjects warmed up on a 20-meter track for 2 minutes. During warm-ups and training tests, the pulse is measured every 30 seconds. Systolic blood pressure is measured after warm-up and within 60 seconds of the training test. Test the 400-meter walk is carried out 2 times on different days.;, ]"

"Efikasi diri dan kepatuhan merupakan faktor yang penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat efikasi diri dan kepatuhan dengan kualitas hidup pasien DM tipe 2 yang menjalani rawat jalan di Rumah Sakit di Jakarta.Desain dalam penelitian ini adalah cross sectional, dengan jumlah sampel 125 pasien DM tipe 2. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy (DMSES), the Diabetes Activities Questionare (TDAQ), dan Diabetes Quality Of Life (DQOL).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efikasi diri (0,0005), dan kepatuhan (0,0005) berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kualitas hidup dengan variabel yang paling dominan adalah kepatuhan.Hasil uji multivariat menunjukkan bahwa variabel efikasi diri, kepatuhan, tingkat pendidikan, dan depresi menentukan kualitas hidup pasien DM. Perlunya dikembangkan pengkajian dan intervensi keperawatan yang berfokus pada efikasi diri dan kepatuhan pasien DM tipe 2.

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Self-efficacy and adherence are important factor in improving the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and adherence to the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in an outpatient unit of a Hospital in Jakarta.

This study was a cross-sectional, with sample of 125 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Management Self- Efficacy (DMSES), the Diabetes Activities Questionare (TDAQ), and the Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) were employed as instruments.

The results showed that selfefficacy (0.0005), and adherence (0.0005) were significantly associated with quality of life and the most dominant variable is adherence.

Multivariate test results indicate that the variable self-efficacy, adherence, education level, and depression determines quality of life of diabetic patients. This study suggestsis the need fornursing assessment and interventions that focus on the self-efficacy and adherence diabetes mellitus patient."

"Ketoasidosis diabetik (KAD) merupakan komplikasi akut dari diabetes melitus (DM) tak terkontrol, ditandai dengan hiperglikemia, ketosis, dan asidosis metabolik. Pemberian nutrisi sering menjadi masalah, namun menunda pemberian nutrisi dini menyebabkan peningkatan kadar keton darah dan morbiditas pasien. Tujuan penulisan serial kasus ini adalah memulihkan ketosidosis dan memenuhi kebutuhan makro- dan mikronutrien. Pasien berusia antara 18?65 tahun, mengalami KAD dengan DM, dirawat 5?12 hari di Rumah Sakit Umum Tangerang. Pencetus KAD adalah infeksi, ketidakpatuhan pengobatan, dan diet yang tidak tepat. Keempat orang pasien menderita DM dengan penyakit penyerta yang berbeda. Terapi nutrisi diberikan berdasarkan kondisi klinis pasien. Energi diberikan mulai dari kebutuhan basal yang dihitung dengan persamaan Harris-Benedict, atau dimulai dari 20?25 kkal/ kg BB pada kondisi sakit kritis. Makronutrien diberikan sesuai rekomendasi American Diabetes Association dan mikronutrien sesuai dengan kondisi dan kebutuhan pasien. Pemantauan yang dilakukan meliputi toleransi asupan, imbang cairan, antropometri, dan laboratorium (kadar glukosa darah, keton darah, dan elektrolit). Edukasi dan konsultasi nutrisi diberikan setiap hari. Selama pemantauan semua pasien menunjukkan perbaikan klinis dan penurunan kadar keton darah. Semua pasien dapat mencapai kebutuhan energi total dan kadar glukosa darah mendekati normal. Sebelum pulang pasien diberikan edukasi tentang cara mengetahui faktor yang dapat mencetuskan KAD dan mengatasinya, serta edukasi nutrisi untuk mencapai kontrol glikemik optimal dan mencegah KAD.

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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication of uncontrolled diabetes, characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis. Nutrition intervention may often cause some problems, unfortunately, withholding early nutrition may increase blood ketones concentration and patient morbidity. Aims of this case series are resolve ketoacidosis dan meet macro and micronutrient requirement. Patients aged between 18 to 65 years old, presented DKA with diabetes mellitus, and hospitalized from 5 to 12 days at Tangerang General Hospital. Precipitating factors of DKA include infection, noncompliance to medication, and inproper diet. All patients suffered from DM with different comorbidities. Nutritional therapy was given according to patients clinical condition. The energy was given begin with basal requirement, which calculated using Harris-Benedict equation, or begin with 20?25 kcal/kg body weight (BW) in critically ill condition. Macronutrients were given according to American Diabetes Association recommendation and micronutrients based on patients? condition and requirement. Monitoring includes food intake tolerance, fluid balance, anthropometric, and laboratory results (blood glucose levels, blood ketone, and electrolytes). Education and nutrition consultation were given everyday. During monitoring all patients showed clinical improvements in general condition and blood ketone concentration?s reduction. All patients can meet total energy requirement with blood glucose levels close to normal. Before discharge, patients received education to identify and manage risk factors that may precipitate DKA. Nutrition education was also given to achieve optimal glycemic control and prevent DKA."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang. Prevalensi disfungsi tiroid lebih tinggi pada pasien diabetes dibandingkan populasiumum. Hipotiroidisme memperburuk komplikasi, morbiditas, mortalitas, dan kualitas hidup pasiendiabetes melitus tipe 2 (DM tipe 2). Faktor risiko hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2 selama ini masihkontradiktif dan belum dikaji secara lengkap. Keberadaan sistem skor hipotiroidisme pada pasien DMtipe 2 diperlukan untuk membantu diagnosis dan menapis pasien DM tipe 2 yang memerlukanpemeriksaan laboratorium fungsi tiroid sebagai baku emas diagnosis hipotiroidisme.Tujuan. Mengetahui prevalensi dan determinan hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2.Metode. Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang dilakukan di Poliklinik Divisi Metabolik Endokrin(Poliklinik Diabetes) RSCM pada Juli sampai September 2015 dengan metode sampling konsekutif.Subjek menjalani anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis, dan pemeriksaan laboratorium (TSH dan fT4). Analisisdata dilakukan dengan program statistik SPSS Statistics 17.0 untuk analisis univariat, bivariat,multivariat, dan Receiving Characteristics Operator (ROC) dan SPSS Statistics 20.0 untuk analisisbootstrapping pada Kalibrasi Hosmer-Lemeshow.Hasil. Sebanyak 303 subjek dianalisis untuk mendapatkan proporsi disfungsi tiroid dan 299 subjekdianalisis untuk mendapatkan determinan hipotiroidisme. Sebanyak 23 subjek (7,59%) terdiagnosishipotiroidisme, terdiri dari 43,5% subjek hipotiroid klinis dan 56,5% subjek hipotiroid subklinisberdasarkan Indeks Zulewski dan/atau Indeks Billewicz, dengan 16,7% hipotiroid klinis dan 83,3%hipotiroid subklinis berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan fT4. Determinan hipotiroidisme pada pasien DMtipe 2 adalah riwayat penyakit tiroid di keluarga dengan OR sebesar 4,719 (95% IntervalKepercayaan/IK 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), keberadaan goiter dengan OR sebesar 20,679 (95% IK 3,49122,66, p = 0,001),kontrol glikemik yang buruk dengan OR sebesar 3,460 (95%IK 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), dan adanya sindrom metabolikOR sebesar 25,718 (95% IK 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01). Simpulan. Proporsi hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2 adalah 7,59%. Determinan diagnosis dan komponen sistem skor hipotiroidisme pada pasien DM tipe 2 adalah riwayat penyakit tiroid di keluarga, keberadaan goiter, kontrol glikemik yang buruk, dan adanya sindrom metabolik. Sistem skor yang diberi nama Skor Hipotiroid RSCM ini diharapkan menjadi alat bantu diagnosis hipotiroidisme pada pasienDM tipe 2. ABSTRACT Background. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is greater in diabetes patients compared to generalpopulation. Hypothyroidism is worsening complications, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Risk factors of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are stillcontradictive and not assessed completely. Presence of scoring system to estimate hypothyroidism inT2DM patients are needed to help diagnosing and screening of T2DM patients who need to undergothyroid function test as a gold standard diagnostic for hypothyroidism.Aim. To identify prevalence and estimators of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Metabolic Endocrine (Diabetes) Outpatient ClinicCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July-September 2015 with consecutive sampling method. Allsubjects underwent interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing (TSH and fT4). Analysiswas done by using SPSS Statistics 17.0 for univariate, bivariate, multivariate, and ROC (ReceivingOperator Characteristics) analysis and SPSS Statistics 20.0 for bootstrapping analysis in HosmerLemeshowCalibration. Results. 303 subjects included for proportion study of thyroid dysfunction and 299subjects included for analysis of hypothyroidism determinants. 23 subjects (7,59%) are diagnosed as havinghypothyroidism, consisted of 43,5% clinical hypothyroidism and 56,5% subclinical hypothyroidismbased on clinical scoring index by Zulewski and Billewicz, and 16,7% subjects as having clinicalhypothyroidism and 83,3% subjects as having subclinical hypothyroidism based on fT4 examination.Determinants for hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are family history of thyroid disease with OR 4,719(95% Confident Interval/CI 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), having goiter or difus struma with OR 20,679 (95%CI 3,49-122,66, p = 0,001), poor glycemic control with OR 3,460 (95% CI 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), and metabolic syndrome with OR 25,718 (95% CI 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01). Conclusion. Proportion of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients is 7,59%. Determinants and componentsof scoring system of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients consist of family history of thyroid disease,having goiter or difus struma, poor glycemic control, and metabolic syndrome. Scoring system which iscalled RSCM Hypothyroid Score is expected to be a tool for helping diagnosis of hypothyroidism inT2DM patients.;Background. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is greater in diabetes patients compared to generalpopulation. Hypothyroidism is worsening complications, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Risk factors of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are stillcontradictive and not assessed completely. Presence of scoring system to estimate hypothyroidism inT2DM patients are needed to help diagnosing and screening of T2DM patients who need to undergothyroid function test as a gold standard diagnostic for hypothyroidism.Aim. To identify prevalence and estimators of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Metabolic Endocrine (Diabetes) Outpatient ClinicCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July-September 2015 with consecutive sampling method. Allsubjects underwent interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing (TSH and fT4). Analysiswas done by using SPSS Statistics 17.0 for univariate, bivariate, multivariate, and ROC (ReceivingOperator Characteristics) analysis and SPSS Statistics 20.0 for bootstrapping analysis in HosmerLemeshowCalibration. Results.303subjectsincludedforproportionstudyofthyroiddysfunctionand299subjectsincludedforanalysis of hypothyroidism determinants. 23 subjects (7,59%) are diagnosed as havinghypothyroidism, consisted of 43,5% clinical hypothyroidism and 56,5% subclinical hypothyroidismbased on clinical scoring index by Zulewski and Billewicz, and 16,7% subjects as having clinicalhypothyroidism and 83,3% subjects as having subclinical hypothyroidism based on fT4 examination.Determinants for hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are family history of thyroid disease with OR 4,719(95% Confident Interval/CI 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), having goiter or difus struma with OR 20,679 (95%CI 3,49-122,66, p = 0,001), poor glycemic control with OR 3,460 (95% CI 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), and metabolic syndrome with OR 25,718 (95% CI 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01).Conclusion. Proportion of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients is 7,59%. Determinants and componentsof scoring system of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients consist of family history of thyroid disease,having goiter or difus struma, poor glycemic control, and metabolic syndrome. Scoring system which iscalled RSCM Hypothyroid Score is expected to be a tool for helping diagnosis of hypothyroidism inT2DM patients.;Background. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is greater in diabetes patients compared to generalpopulation. Hypothyroidism is worsening complications, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Risk factors of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are stillcontradictive and not assessed completely. Presence of scoring system to estimate hypothyroidism inT2DM patients are needed to help diagnosing and screening of T2DM patients who need to undergothyroid function test as a gold standard diagnostic for hypothyroidism.Aim. To identify prevalence and estimators of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Metabolic Endocrine (Diabetes) Outpatient ClinicCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from July-September 2015 with consecutive sampling method. Allsubjects underwent interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing (TSH and fT4). Analysiswas done by using SPSS Statistics 17.0 for univariate, bivariate, multivariate, and ROC (ReceivingOperator Characteristics) analysis and SPSS Statistics 20.0 for bootstrapping analysis in HosmerLemeshowCalibration. Results.303subjectsincludedforproportionstudyofthyroiddysfunctionand299subjectsincludedforanalysis of hypothyroidism determinants. 23 subjects (7,59%) are diagnosed as havinghypothyroidism, consisted of 43,5% clinical hypothyroidism and 56,5% subclinical hypothyroidismbased on clinical scoring index by Zulewski and Billewicz, and 16,7% subjects as having clinicalhypothyroidism and 83,3% subjects as having subclinical hypothyroidism based on fT4 examination.Determinants for hypothyroidism in T2DM patients are family history of thyroid disease with OR 4,719(95% Confident Interval/CI 1,07-20,8, p = 0,04), having goiter or difus struma with OR 20,679 (95%CI 3,49-122,66, p = 0,001), poor glycemic control with OR 3,460 (95% CI 1,075-11,14, p = 0,037), and metabolic syndrome with OR 25,718 (95% CI 2,21-299,99, p = 0,01).Conclusion. Proportion of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients is 7,59%. Determinants and componentsof scoring system of hypothyroidism in T2DM patients consist of family history of thyroid disease,having goiter or difus struma, poor glycemic control, and metabolic syndrome. Scoring system which iscalled RSCM Hypothyroid Score is expected to be a tool for helping diagnosis of hypothyroidism inT2DM patients."

"Obat antidiabetes yang paling banyak diresepkan di Puskesmas Indonesia adalah metformin atau kombinasi metformin dan sulfonilurea. Studi tentang metformin telah menunjukkan berbagai dampak penurunan kognitif pada pasien dengan diabetes mellitus tipe 2, sedangkan sulfonilurea telah terbukti mengurangi dampak ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan dampak metformin dan metformin-sulfonilurea pada fungsi kognitif dan menentukan faktor apa yang mempengaruhinya. Studi potong lintang ini dilakukan di Puskesmas Pasar Minggu dengan melibatkan 142 pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 yang mengonsumsi metformin atau metformin-sulfonilurea selama >6 bulan dan usia >36 tahun. Fungsi kognitif dinilai menggunakan kuesioner Montreal Cognitive Assessment versi bahasa Indonesia. Efek dari metformin dan metformin-sulfonylurea pada penurunan kognitif tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan, bahkan setelah mengontrol kovariat (aOR = 1,096; 95% CI =  13.008px;">0,523–2,297; nilai-p = 0,808). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan usia (OR = 4,131; 95% CI = 1,271–13,428; nilai-p = 0,018) dan pendidikan (OR = 2,746; 95% CI = 1.196–6.305; nilai-p = 0,017) mempengaruhi fungsi kognitif. Pendidikan yang lebih rendah dan usia yang lebih tua cenderung menyebabkan penurunan kognitif, tenaga kesehatan didorong untuk bekerja sama dengan ahli kesehatan masyarakat untuk mengatasi faktor risiko fungsi kognitif ini.

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The most prescribed antidiabetic drugs in Indonesian primary health care are metformin or a combination of metformin and sulfonylurea. Studies on metformin have shown various impacts on cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas sulfonylurea has been shown to reduce this impact. This study aimed to compare the impacts of metformin and metformin-sulfonylurea on cognitive function and determine what factors affected it. This crosssectional study was conducted at Pasar Minggu Primary Health Care involving 142 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients taking metformin or metformin-sulfonylurea for >6 months and aged >36 years. Cognitive function was assessed using the validated Montreal Cognitive Assessment Indonesian version. The effects of metformin and metformin-sulfonylurea on cognitive decline showed no significant difference, even after controlling for covariates (aOR = 1.096; 95% CI = 0.523–2.297; p-value = 0.808). Multivariate analysis showed age (OR = 4.131; 95% CI = 1.271–13.428; p-value = 0.018) and education (OR = 2.746; 95% CI = 1.196–6.305; p-value = 0.017) affected cognitive function. Since a lower education and older age are likely to cause cognitive decline, health professionals are encouraged to work with public health experts to address these risk factors for cognitive function."

"Kekurangan gizi pada awal kehidupan (1000 hari pertama) terutama masa prenatal akan memberikan multiple effect yang bersifat irreversible yaitu hambatan pertumbuhan linier yang direpresentasikan oleh pendek, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan organ termasuk pancreas yang direpresentasikan oleh diabetes mellitus dan tumbuh kembang otak yang direpresentasikan oleh kemampuan kognitif. Tingginya pendek pada populasi dewasa dan tingginya penyakit diabates mellitus di perkotaan berdasarkan survei Riskesdas 2007 mengindikasikan bahwa gangguan pertumbuhan linier dan perkembangan organ terjadi secara parallel.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai apakah pendek usia dewasa mewakili stunting awal kehidupan dalam menjelaskan risiko penyakit diabetes mellitus usia dewasa.Penelitian ini memanfaatkan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2007 dengan disain cross sectional yang mewakili daerah perkotaan di 33 propinsi di Indonesia. Subyek penelitian adalah 12.639 laki-laki dan perempuan berumur 20 - 49 tahun. Penyakit diabetes mellitus ditegakkan berdasarkan kadar gula darah puasa 2 jam post prandial sedangkan hambatan pertumbuhan linier awal kehidupan diukur dengan pencapaian tinggi badan (pendek) di usia dewasa.Analisis dilakukan 2 level yaitu : (1) melakukan uji bivariat, stratifikasi, multivariat pada kondisi saat ini (subyek dewasa). (2) Melakukan analisis risiko kekurangan gizi awal kehidupan terhadap penyakit diabetes mellitus menggunakan teori dan bukti ilmiah hasil penelitian sebelumnya. Data yang digunakan dalam analisis penelitian ini cukup memadai yang ditunjukkan dengan konsistensi antar variabel dan konsisten dengan hasil penelitian lain.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi diabetes mellitus sebesar 3,8% dan proporsi pendek sebesar 37,7%. Pendek usia dewasa pada IMT<23 merupakan faktor risiko penyakit diabetes mellitus OR adjusted 1,52 (CI 95% : 1.08-2.12). Bertambahnya umur meningkatkan risiko terkena penyakit diabetes mellitus dengan OR 3,05 (CI 95% : 1,82-5,09) pada umur 30-39 tahun dan OR 7,58 (CI 95% : 4,69-12,27) pada umur 40-49 tahun. Keluarga kaya mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi untuk menderita diabetes mellitus dengan OR 1.90 (CI 95% : 1.36-2.66). Minum minuman berkafein ≥1 x/hr dapat mencegah penyakit diabetes mellitus dengan OR 0,48 (CI 95% : 0,33-0,71).Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pendek usia dewasa pada kelompok IMT < 23 merupakan faktor risiko penyakit diabetes mellitus.

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Malnutrition in early life (1000 first day), especially during pregnancy would cause multiple effect which were irreversible, such as obstruction in linear growth were represented by short stature, growth and development of organs, including the pancreas represented by diabetes mellitus, and brain growth is represented by deficiency in cognitive abilities. The high prevalence of short stature in adult and the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus disease in urban population based on Riskesdas 2007 survey data indicated that disruption of linear growth and organ development occured in parallel.The purpose of this study was to assess whether short stature in adulthood represent stunting in their early life, in order to explain the risk of diabetes mellitus in adult. This study was utilized data from Indonesian Basic Health Research 2007 with a cross-sectional design representing urban areas in 33 provinces in Indonesia. Subjects were 12,639 men and women aged 20-49 years. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed based on fasting blood glucose levels, 2 hours post prandial, while linear growth retardation in early life is measured by the attainment of height (short stature) in adulthood. Analysis was done in 2 levels:(1) Worked on bivariate, stratified, multivariate testing on current conditions (adult subjects). (2) Performed a risk analysis of malnutrition in early life towards diabetes mellitus disease using theories and scientific evidence based on previous researches. The data used in this analysis were sufficient, indicated by consistency between variables and consistency with the results of other related studies.Results of this study showed that the proportion of diabetes mellitus was 3.8% and the proportion of short stature was 37.7%. Short stature in adults with BMI <23 was a risk factor for diabetes mellitus with adjusted OR of 1.52 (CI 95%: 1:08-2:12). Increasing age increased the risk of diabetes mellitus with 3.05 OR (95% CI: 1.82 to 5.09) at the age 30-39 years and 7.58 OR (95% CI: 4.69 to 12.27) at the age of 40-49 years. Wealthier families have a higher risk of developing diabetes mellitus with OR 1.90 (95% CI: 1.36-.66). Drinking caffeinated beverages ≥1 x / day could prevent diabetes mellitus with OR 0.48 (95% CI: 0.33 to 0.71).Conclusion of this study was short stature in adult with BMI <23 was a risk factor for diabetes mellitus."

"Hingga saat ini, belum ada penanda biologis yang menggambarkan kondisi penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) akibat diabetes melitus (DM) sejak dini. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara rasio albumin kreatinin urin (Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio, UACR) dengan laju filtrasi glomerulus yang diestimasi (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, eGFR) sebagai penanda gangguan fungsi ginjal pada pasien DM tipe 2 RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Sampel urin dan serum diambil dari 18 subjek sehat dan 10 pasien DM tipe 2. Metode spektrofotometri digunakan untuk mengukur kadar albumin urin, kreatinin urin dan kreatinin serum. Data lain diperoleh dari kuesioner. Hasilnya, nilai eGFR pasien DM (68,85 ± 15,36 (Cockroft); 73,94 ± 16,30 (CKD-EPI)) lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan subjek sehat (90,51 ± 15,69, p < 0,01 (Cockcroft); 91,13 ± 21,21, p < 0,05 (CKD-EPI)), sedangkan nilai UACR pasien DM (314,99 ± 494,92) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan subjek sehat (0,48 ± 0,75, p < 0,01). Namun, tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara UACR dengan eGFR pasien DM.

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Until now, no biological marker that describes the condition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to diabetes mellitus (DM) from the outset. This study aimed to determine the relationship between urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) with estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) as a marker of renal dysfunction at type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Urine and serum samples taken from 18 healthy subjects and 10 type 2 diabetic patients. Spectrophotometric methods used to measure levels of urinary albumin, urinary creatinine and serum creatinine. Other data obtained from questionnaires.

Results, eGFR values were lower in DM patients (68.85 ± 15.36 (Cockroft); 73.94 ± 16.30 (CKD-EPI)) compared with healthy subjects (90.51 ± 15.69, p < 0.01 (Cockcroft); 91,13 ± 21,21, p < 0,05 (CKD-EPI)), while the value of UACR in DM patients (314.99 ± 494.92) was higher than healthy subjects (0.48 ± 0.75, p < 0.01). However, there was no significant correlation between UACR with eGFR of DM patients."

"Latar belakang: Selulitis merupakan infeksi kulit oleh bakteri atau pioderma yang relatif umum terjadi. Angka kejadian selulitis adalah 24,6 per 1000 penduduk per tahun dengan insiden lebih tinggi pada orang berusia 45-65 tahun, di mana selain usia paruh baya, selulitis juga sering terjadi pada lansia. Selain peningkatan usia, jenis kelamin dan diabetes melitus juga dapat meningkatkan risiko selulitis. Tujuan penelitian ini teranalisisnya hubungan antara usia, jenis kelamin, diabetes mellitus dan selulitis pada pasien rawat inap dan rawat jalan RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Meskipun telah ada penelitian yang meneliti hubungan antara faktor risiko selulitis dan selulitis di negara lain, jumlah penelitian mengenai hubungan tersebut masih terbatas. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut yang meneliti hubungan antara usia, jenis kelamin dan diabetes mellitus dengan kejadian selulitis. Metode: Studi cross sectional dilakukan dengan total 131 subyek. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder berupa rekam medis pasien. Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara usia dan kejadian selulitis (p-value = 0,044), namun tidak ada hubungan antara kejadian selulitis dan jenis kelamin (p-value = 0,433). Selain itu, ada hubungan antara diabetes mellitus dengan kejadian selulitis (p-value = 0,035). Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa ada hubungan antara usia dan diabetes mellitus dengan kejadian selulitis.

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Introduction: Cellulitis is a relatively common bacterial skin infection or pyoderma. The incidence of cellulitis is 24.6 per 1000 population per year with a higher incidence in people aged 45-65 years, where apart from middle age, cellulitis also often occurs in the elderly. In addition to increasing age, gender and diabetes mellitus may also increase the risk of cellulitis. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between age, gender, diabetes mellitus and cellulitis in inpatients and outpatients at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Although there have been studies examining the relationship between risk factors for cellulitis and cellulitis in other countries, the number of studies regarding this relationship is still limited. Therefore, further research is needed to examine the relationship between age, gender and diabetes mellitus with the incidence of cellulitis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 131 subjects. The data used is secondary data in the form of patient medical records. Results: Our result shows that there is a relationship between age and the incidence of cellulitis (p-value = 0.044), but there is no relationship between the incidence of cellulitis and gender (p-value = 0.433). In addition, there is a relationship between diabetes mellitus and the incidence of cellulitis (p-value = 0.035). Conclusion: This study confirms that there is a relationship between age and diabetes mellitus with the incidence of cellulitis."

"Pengantar: Jumlah geriatri tumbuh pesat pada tahun 2015, termasuk di Indonesia. Angka geriatri di Indonesia pada tahun 2100 diprediksikan akan mencapai 3.2 miliar jiwa. Risiko demensia meningkat hingga 24% pada pasien geriatri. Hal ini merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang krusial, karena berbagai penyakit fatal, termasuk diabetes, dapat menyebabkan terjadinya demensia. Diabetes ditemukan pada 5.6% penduduk Indonesia, menjadikannya salah satu masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. 16 penelitian telah menemukan bahwa diabetes dapat diasosiasikan dengan demensia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik dari pasien dengan diabetes dan demensia, serta menunjukkan asosiasi antara diabetes dan demensia.Metode: Data diperoleh dari catatan medis pasien geriatri di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan desain kasus-kontrol. Terdapat 106 sampel yang diambil untuk 5 variabel bebas. Masing-masing besar populasi dari masingmasing variabel diambil dari pembacaan literatur, kemudian angka-angka tersebut dikalkulasi melalui rumus kasus-kontrol. Total dari angka-angka yang dihasilkan dari masing-masing kalkulasi adalah 53. Besar sampel merupakan dua kali dari 53 untuk mengharapkan hasil yang lebih valid. Pasien inklusi dari penelitian ini adalah pasien berumur ≥60 tahun dan pasien rawat jalan di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta dari tahun 2010-2015. Kemudian, data dibagi menjadi 35 subjek kasus (pasien demensia) dan 71 subjek kontrol (pasien non demensia). Setelah itu, latar belakang penyakit pasien diamati, apakah pasien memiliki diabetes atau faktor risiko lainnya, seperti umur, jenis kelamin, tekanan darah tinggi, dan dislipidemia. Faktor risiko yang lain ditulis sebagai variabel pengganggu dalam penelitian ini.Hasil: Analisis regresi logistik menunjukkan hubungan antara diabetes dan demensia dengan OR 2,278 (0,938; 5,532). Usia juga bertindak sebagai faktor yang berkontribusi dalam terjadinya demensia, menunjukkan OR 3,604 (1,355; 9,591). Jenis kelamin tidak menunjukkan hubungan dengan kejadian demensia dengan OR<1. Sementara itu, hipertensi dan dislipidemia dapat bertindak sebagai faktor inhibisi dalam kejadian demensia, dengan OR<1.Diskusi: Diabetes dapat menyebabkan demensia dengan berbagai mekanisme, seperti komplikasi pada sistem makrovaskular, AGE yang menginduksi pembentukkan kusut neurofibriler atau penurunan enzim pendegredasi insulin, yang dapat dikaitkan dalam akumulasi beta amiloid. Sementara itu, usia dapat berkorelasi dengan penurunan fungsi sistem saraf di orang tua, serta sel-sel saraf yang rusak dapat berkontribusi pada pembentukkan plak dan kusut neurofibriler pada otak

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Introduction: Number of geriatrics grew rapidly in 2015, as well as in Indonesia. Its number is predicted to rise until 3.2 billion in 2100. The risk of dementia may increase until 24% in geriatric patients. This is one of the crucial public health concerns, since various fatal diseases, including diabetes, might cause dementia itself. Diabetes has been found in 5.6% of people in Indonesia, resulting it to be one of public health concerns in Indonesia. 16 researches have found that diabetes has been associated with dementia. This research objective is to know the characteristics of patients with diabetes and dementia, as well as showing the association between diabetes and dementia.Method: Data is obtained from medical records of geriatric patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. The research is done through case-control design. There are 106 samples taken for 5 independent variables. Each population size from each variable is taken from literature reading, and then the numbers are calculated through a case-control formula. The total of numbers resulted from each calculation is 53. The sample size is twice than 53 for a more valid result. Patients included in this research are all ≥60 years old and outpatients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta from year 2010-2015. Then, data is divided into 35 case subjects (dementia patients) and 71 control subjects (non dementia patients). After that, patients history is observed, whether patients have had diabetes or other possible risk factors, such as age, sex, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Other risk factors are written as confounding variables in this research project.Results: Logistic regression analysis shows association between diabetes and dementia with OR 2,278 (0,938;5,532). Age also acts as a contributing factor in the occurrence of dementia, pointing out OR 3,604 (1,355;9,591). Sex do not show any correlation to the occurrence of dementia with OR=1. Meanwhile, hypertension and dyslipidemia can act as inhibiting factor for the occurrence of dementia, showing OR<1.Discussion: Diabetes can result to certain mechanisms in resulting dementia, such as complications in macrovascular system, AGE-induced neurofibrillary tangles or decrement of insulin-degrading enzyme, associated in inducing accumulation of amyloid-beta. Meanwhile, age can be correlated with decrement of nervous system function in elderlies, as well as nerve cells break down that may contribute in brain plaques and tangles buildup."