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"Many emerging economies are on the front line of the devastating impacts of global warming such as desertification and extreme weather events, but, for historical and political reasons, they follow ambitious growth targets with seemingly little concern for climate change and environmental degradation. Focusing on the case of Turkey, this book investigates the economic impacts of possible climate change policies to help meet the required mitigation targets and transition to a low carbon economy. In order to reach net-zero targets by 2050 in compliance with the Paris Agreement, Turkey must introduce policies that promote low carbon investments, green jobs and low carbon employment more broadly. This book explores the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of a carbon pricing mechanism by developing an econometric vector autoregression (VAR) model to analyse key data sets. This time series analysis provides insights on a macro level, dealing with aggregate data in which the role and complexity of micro interferences disappear, allowing for the discovery of patterns and changes over time. Thus, the book contributes to the literature on methodology by arguing that time series analysis is one of the best-fitting approaches to estimate possible impacts of climate change policies on an economy. Additionally, the results of the model are compared and contrasted with similar data from other emerging economies to identify potential common policy solutions between countries at a similar stage of development. This book is vital reading for researchers interested in climate policy, the economics of climate change and environmental economics."

"Carbon pricing merupakan cara yang paling sering dipilih pemerintah suatu negara dalam mengatasi ancaman perubahan iklim. Namun penerapannya seringkali terhambat karena adanya terkait dampaknya terhadap perekonomian. Salah satu bentuk dampak yang belum banyak diteliti adalah terhadap foreign direct investment (FDI). Penelitian ini mencoba menganalisis dampak penerapan carbon pricing terhadap tingkat FDI pada empat negara Asia yang telah menerapkan. Metode yang digunakan adalah Difference-in-Differences dengan menggunakan Synthetic Control Method untuk mengatasi permasalahan parallel trend dalam menetapkan negara yang menjadi counterfactual. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa carbon pricing berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap FDI di Jepang dan Korea, dimana negara yang menerapkan carbon pricing mengalami penurunan jumlah FDI relatif terhadap negara yang tidak menerapkan. Sementara pengaruh tidak signifikan didapatkan pada negara Kazakhstan dan Singapura. Pemerintah perlu mempertimbangkan harga/tarif karbon dan kebijakan yang sesuai untuk mengurangi pengaruh dari penerapan carbon pricing.

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Carbon pricing often chosen by government in dealing with climate change. However, its application is often hampered due to its impact on the economy. One impact that has not been widely studied is on foreign direct investment (FDI). This study analyzes the impact of implementing carbon pricing on the level of FDI in Asian countries that have implemented it. Using Difference-in-Differences and Synthetic Control Method to resolve parallel trend assumption problem in determining countries chosen to be counterfactual. The results indicate that carbon pricing has a significant negative effect on FDI in Japan and Korea, where countries that implement carbon pricing experience a decrease in the amount of FDI relative to countries that do not. While the effect is not significant in Kazakhstan and Singapore. The government needs to consider carbon prices/tariffs and appropriate policies to reduce the effect of implementing carbon pricing."

"Emisi global CO2 dari sektor energi bertumbuh hingga lebih dari 1,5% per tahun sejak 1990 sedangkan dari tahun 2010-2018, emisi CO2 nasional mengalami tren kenaikan sekitar 4,3% per tahun. Indonesia berkomitmen melalui Kebijakan Energi Nasional dan Rencana Umum Energi Nasional dalam pembuatan kebijakan mengenai carbon pricing untuk mencapai target emisi nol bersih tahun 2060. Salah satu alat yang digunakan dalam menyusun portfolio energi guna memastikan suplai energi domestik pada saat transisi energi adalah pemodelan sistem dinamis. Fungsi pemodelan sistem dinamis adalah mengidentifikasi parameter utama yang mempengaruhi pergeseran energi bauran terhadap target energi dan emisi suatu negara. Pada penelitian ini, akan dibahas terkait pergeseran energi bauran di Indonesia sebagai akibat diimplementasikannya kebijakan pajak karbon sebagai salah satu tindak lanjut komitmen Net Zero Emission (NZE). Pergeseran energi bauran tersebut akan dibandingkan antara sebelum adanya implementasi dan setelah adanya implementasi pajak karbon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh implementasi pajak karbon terhadap transisi energi di Indonesia dan emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dalam mencapai tujuan komitmen NZE. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan pemodelan sistem dinamis yang dimulai dengan menggunakan pendekatan Diagram Sebab Akibat (Causal Loop Diagram) yang kemudian diperdalam dengan Diagram Aliran Stok (Stock Flow Diagram). Hasil validasi model memiliki kesalahan di bawah 10% sehingga model dapat diterima. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, didapatkan semakin tinggi nilai pajak karbon, persentase energi terbarukan akan semakin meningkat sedangkan emisi karbon mengalami penurunan. Pada nilai pajak karbon 10 USD/tCO2e di tahun 2030 energi bauran di Indonesia sebesar 25,79% dan penurunan emisi sebesar 28,63% dibandingkan skenario BAU.

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Global emission in the energy sector has grown by more than 1.5% per year since 1990, whereas national CO2 emission tends to increase by about 4.3% per year from 2010-2018. Indonesia has committed through National Energy Policy and National Energy General Plan in terms of Carbon Pricing policy to achieve the Net Zero Emissions target by 2060. One tool used to establish an energy portfolio in order to assure domestic energy supply when an energy transition happens is the Dynamic Modelling System. The purpose of the Dynamic Modelling System is to identify the main parameter which influences energy mix shifting within the energy and emission target of the country. This study will be discussed the energy mix shifts as the impact of Carbon Tax Implementation in Indonesia as one of the Net Zero Emission commitments. The shifting of the energy mix will be compared before and after the implementation of the carbon tax. The purpose of this study is to describe how the impact of carbon tax implementation on energy transition in Indonesia and greenhouse emissions for achieving Net Zero Emission. The methodology used is Dynamic System Modelling which starts from Causal Loop Diagram development up to Stock Flow Diagram enhancement. The model can be accepted due to model validation showing an error below 10%. Based on the simulation result, increasing the carbon tax implementation value causes an increase in the percentage of renewable energy and a decrease in carbon emissions. On the 10 USD/tCO2e carbon tax implementation scenario obtained in 2030 energy mix in Indonesia reach 25.79% and the emission reduction up to 28.63% compared to BAU Scenario"

"Perubahan iklim merupakan salah satu masalah yang dihadapi Indonesia, terbukti bahwa emisi karbon terus meningkat, mencapai dua kali lipat jumlahnya dari tahun 2000. Kekhawatiran internasional dari meningkatnya emisi karbon menghasilkan perjanjian internasional berupa Paris Agreement, yang mengikat setiap negara dengan Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), suatu target penurunan emisi karbon yang harus dicapai. NDC milik Indonesia mewajibkan penurunan jumlah emisi karbon sebesar 29% pada tahun 2030. Sebagai salah satu upaya penurunan emisi karbon, maka direkomendasi kebijakan yang memberdayakan instrumen pasar berupa carbon pricing. Salah satu instrumennya adalah pajak karbon yang dapat diimplementasikan dapat bentuk cukai, yaitu cukai karbon. Implementasi cukai karbon dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan ekstensifikasi Barang Kena Cukai. Maka, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis apakah cukai karbon dapat memenuhi karakteristik legal cukai yang perlu dipenuhi, bagaiamana upaya pemerintah untuk mewujudkan cukai karbon, serta potensi peningkatan penerimaan negara dari cukai karbon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cukai karbon dapat memenuhi karakteristik legal cukai. Sampai saat ini, upaya pemerintah masih pada tahap awal dan belum fokus pada cukai karbon. Cukai karbon diperhitungkan berpotensi meningkatkan penerimaan negara sebesar 37-176 triliun Rupiah.

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Climate change is one of the problems that Indonesia faces, proven that carbon emission keeps increasing, reaching twice its amount since 2000. The international concern from the increasing of carbon emission resulted an international agreement that is Paris Agreement, which ties each country with Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). Indonesia’s NDC obligate a decrease of carbon emission amount to 29% by 2030. Therefore, as means to decrease carbon emission, there’s a policy recommendation by utilizing market instruments in a form of carbon pricing. One of the instruments is a carbon tax that could be implemented in form of excise, which is carbon excise. The implementation could be done through an extensification of excise goods. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze whether carbon excise could fulfill the legal characteristic of excise, how is the government’s effort to actualize carbon excise, and also carbon excise’s potential to raise government revenues. The result of this research shows that carbon excise could fulfill the legal characteristic of excise. Government’s effort is still on the early stage and there’s no focus yet towards carbon excise. It is calculated that carbon excise has the potential to raise government revenues up to 37-176 billion Rupiah."

"It is well known that the extensive emission of greenhouse gases(GHG) such asCO2 gas and freon gas during a long period up to the present society after the industri-al revolution in the 18th century is a fundamental reason causing the global warmingand the climate change on our globe as reported in a lot of references”. In such a cir-cumstance, the average temperature during an entire year at the surface of the globehas been elevated about ldeg.C comparing the corresponding temperature at the in-dustrial revolution. Thus, mitigation or reduction of the global warming is one of themost important subject to keep the continuous development of human beings.On the other hand, drying up of energy resources as fossil fuels is another seriousproblem to realize the sustainable development of our industrial society and our dailylives. Nuclear power would be a clean energy, since the fossil fuel is not used and CO2gas is not emitted during the generation of the power. "

"In recent years, as a supplement for conventional large-scale power generation system,gas distributed generation has got much comprehensive attention. This study reviews the cur-rent status, incentive policies and barriers of gas distributed generation in Shanghai. Currently,the gas distributed energy development in Shanghai is facing grim situations: on the one hand,most of the prime movers are imported from abroad with relaitvely high initial cost, and thenatural gas price increases gradually, which lead to the poor economic performance; on theother hand, the relevant institution, mechanism and policy frameworks are imperfect, makinggas distributed energy system difficult to fully enjoy its energy saving advantages. However,considering the huge market potential in Shanghai and successful experiences in some foreigncountries, it is believed that gas distributed generation will be paid more and more attention,and support the low-carbon transition of the electric power industry in Shanghai."

"To solve the global climate change problem, countries require more than efforts at locallevel: multilateral cooperation and climate policy integration are essential for realizing awide-area low-carbon society. Realizing a low-carbon society is not a simple action that addresses global warming while ignoring the quality of human life, but is a process to achieveharmonious sustainable development of economy, environment and society while solving theproblem of global warming simultaneously. According to the principle of “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities", China should stick to the consistent pathway towards emission reduction. Energy saving, followed by fuel transformation and renewable energy utilization, is the most efficient technology China will promote to achieve the emission reduction, In addition, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies will play an important role after 2050. China's CO2 emissions are likely to peak around 2040 (550pprn) or even earlier in about 2030 (450ppn1) with great efforts. No single energy source is going to be the solution to global warming Development of alternative power sources is the only way towards sustainable development. As a developing country, China's pathway to a lowcarbon economy is absolutely a n0-regret approach with recognizing the uncertainty of climate change Nevertheless, the low-carbon economy is just one of the necessary conditions for achieving sustainable development. In this study, firstly we discussed the future direction and technology strategies for realizing a low-carbon society in the Post-Kyoto climate policy framework. "

"ABSTRAKKandungan antioksidan pada teh rosela merah, asam askorbat, dapatdikembangkan sebagai inhibitor untuk menghambat laju korosi untuk baja karbonrendah di lingkungan NaCl 3,5%. Metode yang digunakan adalah metodekehilangan berat dengan variasi waktu perendaman (3, 6, 9, 12 hari). Pada semuawaktu perendaman, konsentrasi teh rosela merah yang digunakan adalah 10 gpl,sedangkan penambahan inhibitor teh rosela merah sebanyak 2 ml. Hasil penelitianini dapat ditunjukkan oleh nilai efisiensi yang diperoleh, efisiensi terendah sebesar8% pada waktu pengujian 3 hari, sedangkan efisiensi optimum sebesar 16% padapengujian 9 hari.

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AbstractThe content of antioxidants in red roselle tea, ascorbic acid, can be developed asan inhibitor to inhibit corrosion rate for low carbon steel in 3.5% sodium chloridesolution. The method that used is a method of weight loss with variation ofimmersion time (3, 6, 9, 12 days). In all the immersion time, concentration of redroselle tea that used was 10 gpl, while the addition of inhibitors of red rosella teaas much as 2 ml. The results could be demonstrated by the efficiency valuesobtained, the lowest efficiency of 8% at 3 days of testing, while the optimumefficiency of 16% at 9 days of testing."