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"Kedudukan hukum Pemohon Pengujian Undang-Undang terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar dalam kasus Presidential Threshold merupakan isu hukum yang sering diajukan Judicial Review di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Ketidakkonsistenan dalam penentuan kedudukan hukum dan kerugian konstitusional Pemohon menambah kerumitan isu ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dan analisis data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pemohon perseorangan Warga Negara Indonesia tidak otomatis memiliki kedudukan hukum sebagai Pemohon, karena Mahkamah bergantung pada penjelasan kualifikasi yang diajukan Pemohon terkait hubungan sebab akibat (causal verband) antara kerugian konstitusional dan berlakunya norma Undang-Undang yang diuji. Sebaliknya, untuk Pemohon Partai Politik, disimpulkan bahwa badan hukum Partai Politik yang telah mendapat pengesahan dari Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia dan telah mengikuti Pemilihan Umum sebelumnya memiliki kedudukan hukum sebagai Pemohon. Disarankan agar Mahkamah Konstitusi memberikan kedudukan hukum bagi perseorangan Warga Negara Indonesia dan mempertimbangkan lebih lanjut kerugian konstitusional yang disampaikan oleh Pemohon perorangan dalam permohonan pengujian norma Presidential Threshold. Diharapkan Mahkamah Konstitusi dapat memberikan kepastian hukum yang teguh untuk meredam keberatan masyarakat terkait norma Presidential Threshold, khususnya dalam hal pertimbangan hukum tentang kerugian konstitusional. Semua Partai Politik memiliki legal standing karena diatur secara eksplisit dalam UUD NRI 1945, namun bergantung pada objek pengujian yang dimohonkan kepada Mahkamah Konstitusi.

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The legal standing of Applicants for Judicial Review of the Law against the Constitution in the Presidential Threshold case remains a frequent legal issue brought before the Constitutional Court. Inconsistencies in determining the legal standing and constitutional harm of Applicants add to the complexity of this issue. This study employs a normative juridical method and qualitative data analysis. The research findings indicate that individual Indonesian citizens do not automatically have legal standing as Applicants, as the Court relies on the qualification explanations provided by Applicants regarding the causal relationship (causal verband) between the alleged constitutional harm and the legal norm being challenged. Conversely, it is concluded that political party legal entities authorized by the Minister of Law and Human Rights and having participated in previous general elections do have legal standing as Applicants. It is recommended that the Constitutional Court should grant legal standing to individual Indonesian citizens and further consider the constitutional harm presented by individual Applicants in their requests for reviewing the Presidential Threshold norm. It is hoped that the Constitutional Court will provide firm legal certainty to address public objections regarding the Presidential Threshold norm, especially concerning legal considerations about constitutional harm. All political parties have legal standing as explicitly regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, but this also depends on the object of review submitted to the Constitutional Court."

"ABSTRAKIndonesia adalah negara dengan potensi ekonomi yang sangat besar namun masih minim investasi. Banyak faktor yang menghambat kemudahan berusaha di Indonesia sehingga mengurangi minat investor untuk berinvestasi di Indonesia. Indonesia perlu menerapkan omnibus law sebagai jawaban atas permasalahan-permasalahan yang menghambat investasi di Indonesia. Omnibus Law secara sederhana dapat dimaknai sebagai satu undang-undang yang bisa mengubah beberapa undang-undang sekaligus. Terdapat tiga keadaan untuk mempraktekkan omnibus law, yakni undang-undang yang akan diubah berkaitan secara langsung, undang-undang yang akan diubah tidak berkaitan secara langsung, dan undang-undang yang akan diubah tidak berkaitan tetapi dalam praktek bersinggungan. Bisa dibandingkan penerapan omnibus law di Filipina, Amerika Serikat dan Turki agar dapat diterapkan omnibus law yang berbudaya hukum Indonesia. Omnibus law sejatinya adalah teknik dalam penyusunan undang-undang yang bertujuan untuk mewujudkan efisiensi dan efektivitas sehingga sangat mungkin diterapkan di Indonesia. Untuk mewujudkannya diperlukan pemahaman tentang omnibus law dan komitmen politik yang kuat dari DPR maupun pemerintah.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is a state with high economic potential. Unfortunately, the investment growth in Indonesia is quite low due to many factors that inhibit the business development. As a result, the investors are reluctant to invest in Indonesia. Omnibus law might be a solution to tackle the problems. The omnibus Law is simply defined as a statute that may amend some statutes at once. There are three conditions of omnibus law implementation, first, the statute that will be amended is related to the other statutes directly, second, the former statute is not related to others directly, third, the former statute is related to others but it affects each other in practices. A comparison of the omnibus law applications in Philippines, the United States, and Turkey may help to seek the possibility of the omnibus law application in Indonesia without leaving its legal culture. It is believed that the omnibus law is possible to be applied in Indonesia, but it needs an adequate understanding about the omnibus law and a strong political commitment of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to implement the omnibus law.

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"Skripsi ini menyajikan hasil penelitian atau kajian mengenai Analisis Penerapan Pasal 12 ayat (4) juncto Pasal 71 KUHP dalam studi kasus Robert Tantular. Masalah yang dijadikan obyek penelitian dalam skripsi ini berkaitan dengan 3 (tiga) masalah pokok, yakni : pertama, bagaimana pemaknaan tentang Gabungan Tindak Pidana/Concursus/Samenloop dalam Pengaturan Hukum Pidana di Indonesia ; kedua, bagaimana kaitan Pasal 71 KUHP tentang Delik Tertinggal dengan ketentuan maksimum total pidana penjara, terkhususnya Pidana penjara sementara waktu sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 12 ayat (4) KUHP ; ketiga, Bagaimana ketepatan Penerapan 2 Pasal tersebut dalam perkara-perkara di Indonesia, terkhususnya perkara Robert Tantular. Penelitian ini berbentuk yuridis-normatif, dengan tipe deskriptif-analitis. Simpulan yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa banyak penegak hukum di Indonesia tidak memahami penerapan 2 Pasal tersebut dan cenderung mengabaikan ketentuan pada Pasal 12 ayat (4) dan Pasal 71 KUH Pidana pada beberapa Perkara di Indonesia. Seperti yang terjadi pada perkara yang dihadapi oleh Robert Tantular yang menghadapi 4 proses ajudikasi/persidangan, dimana total pidana yang dijatuhkan terhadap dirinya berjumlah 21 tahun, dimana total vonis ini telah melampaui batas maksimum pidana penjara selama waktu tertentu, yakni 20 tahun. Sehingga kesalahan Penegak Hukum dalam menerapkan 2 Pasal tersebut, mengakibatkan ketidak pastian dalam penjatuhan total vonis pidana bagi Robert Tantular karena telah bertentangan dengan ketentuan jumlah maksimum pidana penjara selama waktu tertentu, yakni telah melampaui 20 tahun dan juga telah bertentangan dengan penerapan Pasal-Pasal tentang Gabungan Tindak Pidana.

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This thesis presents the results of research or studies regarding the Analysis of the Application of Article 12 paragraph (4) in conjunction with Article 71 of the Criminal Code in the Robert Tantular case study. The problem which is used as the object of research in this thesis is related to 3 (three) main problems, namely: first, how is the meaning of Combined Crime / Conc discourse / Samenloop in Criminal Law Arrangements in Indonesia; secondly, how does Article 71 of the Criminal Code on Delicacy Offense with the maximum provision of total imprisonment, especially temporary imprisonment as regulated in Article 12 paragraph (4) of the Criminal Code; third, how is the accuracy of the application of these 2 articles in cases in Indonesia, especially in the case of Robert Tantular. This research is in the form of juridical-normative, with descriptive-analytical type. The conclusion from this research is that many law enforcers in Indonesia do not understand the application of these 2 Articles and tend to ignore the provisions in Article 12 paragraph (4) and Article 71 of the Criminal Code in several cases in Indonesia. As happened in the case faced by Robert Tantular, who faced 4 adjudication / trial processes, where the total number of crimes imposed against him was 21 years, where the total sentence has exceeded the maximum imprisonment limit for a certain time, namely 20 years. So that the Law Enforcement's mistake in applying the 2 Articles, resulted in uncertainty in the imposition of the total criminal sentence for Robert Tantular because it had contradicted the maximum number of imprisonment provisions for a certain period of time, which had exceeded 20 years and was also contrary to the application of the Articles on Combination. Criminal act."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini mencoba membahas pengaruh hubungan Raja-militer diThailand terhadap Konstitusi 2007. Untuk menjelaskan pengaruh Raja-militer,digunakan teori militer, elit, peran Raja dan konstitusi. Metode penelitian yangdipakai adalah kualitatif dengan teknik studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitianmenunjukan bahwa hubungan Raja-militer di Thailand memiliki pengaruhterhadap Konstitusi 2007. Hubungan Raja-militer bisa dilihat dari pasal-pasalyang ada dan saat proses penyusunan draft Konstitusi 2007. Kesimpulannya,Konstitusi 2007 bukanlah konstitusi yang demokratis melainkan suatu konstitusiyang hanya menguntungkan beberapa pihak saja yaitu Raja dan militer.

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AbstractThe thesis discussed the influence of King-Military relations in Thailandto the Constitution of 2007. The theory of military, elite as well as role of Kingand Constitution are applied in order to further explain the influence of the King-Military. The research methodology is qualitative through literature study. Theresearch presented that the relations between King and Military in Thailand hasgiven influence to the Constitution of 2007. The relations itself was reflectedthrough the existing articles and the establishment process of the DraftConstitution 2007. As a conclusion, the constitution of 2007 is understood as anon democratic constitution which will only give advantage to several parties :King and the Military."

"Pembukaan konstitusi proklamasi, undang-undang dasar negara republik Indonesia tahun 1945 ( UUD NRI 1945) merupakan kristalisasi dari cita negara dan cita hukum negara republik Indonesia . Dalam pembukaan konstitusi tersebut terkandung alasan, tujuan dan misi negara berlandaskan nilai dasar pancasila.embukaan dianggap bertentangan dengan semangat pembukaan dianggap bertentangan dengan konstitusi."

"All state need legislation contained legal rules to regulate all aspects of citizen life. the authority for making legislation is regulated in 1945 constitution. In Indonesia types and structure of legislation are still not yet a consensus among lawyers. but in the decree of people consultative assembly No. XX/MPRS/1966 especially types and structure of central level legislation had been arranged. based on the results of legal study, it was understood the persons who had the important authority and role in and the process of making legislation to be a positive law"

"Reformation movement at the end of the 20th century changed some rules of the 1945 constitution. That movement among others changed state organs having authorities to make law. At first president used to be a state organ of law maker with consent of Parliament (Article 5 paragraph 1 of the former 1945 constitution. By that change it was determined that Parliament is that state organ of law maker (Article 20 paragraph 1 of the new 1945 constitution). But in the laws determined, since after the change of the 1945 constitution up to now, it was stated by formulating that President is the organ of law maker. Dealing with that disharmony, this article tends to discuss about forms of law that should prevail at the era of the enforcement of the reformed 19445."