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"Acalypha indica (Ai) merupakan herbal yang diketahui memiliki efek anti-inflamasi dan anti-diabetik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak Ai terhadap proses inflamasi sebagai bagian dari respons imun bawaan yang terjadi pada diabetes melitus tipe 2. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua puluh lima ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley yang dibagi menjadi lima kelompok yaitu kelompok normal, kelompok yang diinduksi diet tinggi fruktosa dan kolesterol  (DTFK), kelompok DTFK+Ai 250 mg/kgBB, kelompok DTFK+Ai 400 mg/kgBB dan DTFK+kelompok pioglitazone. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak Ai dosis 400 mg/kgBB dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah sewaktu (GDS) (p=0.005) dengan mean±SEM berturut-turut (82±5.73), (199.9±27.55), (260.6±67.29), (147.2±12.18) dan (148.8±29.4). Ekstrak Ai dosis 400 mg/kgBB juga dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP) (p=0.02) dengan mean ± SEM berturut-turut (76.65±2.612), (144.7±13.03), (193.0±46.17), (117.0±2.629) dan (130.5±8.890). Selain itu pemberian ekstrak Ai menunjukkan efek peningkatan pada kadar TLR4 (p=0.03) dengan mean±SEM berturut-turut (1.967±0.149), (2.632±0.146), (2.687±0.134), (2.902±0.136) dan (2.513±0.334). Pemberian ekstrak Ai juga menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah hitung sel radang di hati (p=0.0001) dengan mean ± SEM berturut-turut (25.92±2.03), (46.76±3.43), (44.28±3.69), (46.32±3.13) dan (30.72±2.94). Pemberian ekstrak Ai tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna pada kadar TLR2 serta ekspresi gen Nos2 dan Arg1. Kesimpulannya, ekstrak Ai dapat menurunkan kadar GDS dan GDP serta meningkatkan kadar TLR4 dan jumlah sel radang di hati.

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Acalypha indica (Ai) is an herb that is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. This research was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of Ai extract on the inflammatory process as part of the innate immune response that occurs in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research method was carried out using twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats which were divided into five groups : the normal group, high fructose high cholesterol (DTFK) group, DTFK+Ai 250 mg/kgBW group, DTFK+Ai 400 mg/kgBW group and DTFK+pioglitazone group. The results showed that Ai extract at a dose of 400 mg/kgBW could reduce random blood glucose levels (GDS) (p=0.005) with mean ± SEM respectively (82 ± 5.73), (199.9 ± 27.55), (260.6 ± 67.29), (147.2±12.18) and (148.8±29.4). Ai extract at a dose of 400 mg/kgBW can also reduce fasting blood glucose (GDP) levels (p=0.02) with mean ± SEM respectively (76.65±2.612), (144.7±13.03), (193.0±46.17), (117.0± 2,629) and (130.5±8,890). In addition, administration of Ai extract showed an increasing effect on TLR4 levels (p=0.03) with mean ± SEM respectively (1.967 ± 0.149), (2.632 ± 0.146), (2.687 ± 0.134), (2.902 ± 0.136) and (2.513 ± 0.334). Administration of Ai extract also showed an increase in the number of inflammatory cells in the liver (p=0.0001) with mean ± SEM respectively (25.92±2.03), (46.76±3.43), (44.28±3.69), (46.32±3.13) and (30.72). ±2.94). Administration of Ai extract did not show significant differences in TLR2 levels and Nos2 and Arg1 gene expression. In conclusion, Ai extract can reduce GDS and GDP levels but increase TLR4 levels and the number of inflammatory cells."

"Innate and adaptive immunity play important roles in immunosurveillance and tumor destruction. This book discusses recent progress in innate immunity and Treg cells, and the regulation of innate immunity through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling."

"This book will discuss several cellular pathways involved in controlling immune response in the context of infectious diseases, their biological consequences and potential "hijack" of these pathways for the benefit of pathogen leading towards pathogen persistence as opposed to clearance."

"Latar Belakang: Anak-anak yang menderita stunting memiliki berbagai kekurangan jika dibandingkan anak-anak sebayanya yang memiliki HAZ normal, baik dari segi pertumbuhan fisik, emosional, maupun dalam sistem imun. Salah satu komponen sistem imun yang ada dalam tubuh adalah sitokin proinflamasi interleukin-18 yang berperan sebagai faktor kemotaksis sel T, basofil, serta neutrofil, penginduksi interleukin lainnya, serta menginduksi sel Th1 dan IFN- I³. Tujuan: Menganalisis ekspresi gen IL-18 pada anak stunting jika dibandingkan dengan anak dengan HAZ normal, menganalisis korelasi antara status stunting, ekspresi IL-18, status infeksi cacing, serta status OHI-S. Metode: Sampel diambil dari bahan biologis tersimpan berupa RNA cairan sulkus gingiva anak 6-8 tahun di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) (n=8). Kemudian dilakukan ekstraksi RNA, sintesis cDNA, pre amplifikasi, dan kemudian dilakukan real-time PCR. Hasil: Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada ekspresi gen IL-18 anak stunting dibanding anak dengan HAZ normal (p ≥ 0,05) dan tidak pula ditemukan korelasi baik antara status stunting dan status infeksi cacing, ekspresi IL-18 dan status infeksi cacing, status stunting dan OHI-S, maupun ekspresi gen IL-18 dan status OHI-S (p ≥ 0,05). Kesimpulan: Meskipun ditemukan adanya downregulation pada ekspresi gen IL-18 anak stunting jika dibandingkan anak normal, perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna secara statistik Tidak ditemukan korelasi pada ekspresi gen IL-18, status infeksi cacing, serta status OHI-S.

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Background: Stunted children have many handicaps compared to their normal age counterparts who have normal HAZ, either in physical growth, emotional growth, or in their immune system. Interleukin-18 is a part of the immune system, a proinflammatory cytokine that acts as a chemotaxis factor for T-cell, basophil, neutrophil, and inducts IFN- γ, Th1, and other cytokines.

Purpose: To analyze IL-18 expression in stunted children compared to their normal age counterpart, to analyze the correlation between stunting status, IL-18 expression, helminths infection status, and OHI-S.

Methods: Samples were stored biological material, taken from 6 to 7 years old’s gingival crevicular fluid from NTT (n=8). RNA was extracted from samples, then synthesized to cDNA, preamplified, and analyzed in RT-PCR. 

Results: The difference in IL-18 expression in stunted children compared to children with normal HAZ was not statistically significant.  There were no correlation between stunting status and helminths infection status, IL-18 expression and helminths infection status, stunting status, and OHI-S, nor IL-18 expression and OHI-S.

Conclusion: Even though a downregulation in IL-18 expression in stunted children compared to children with normal HAZ was found, the difference was not statistically significant. There was also no correlation between IL-18 expression, helminths infection status, and OHI-S status. "

"Kompetensi merupakan kemampuan dasar yang harus dimiliki seseorang untuk mencapai keberhasilan dalam bekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kesiapan guru PAUD dalam aspek kompetensi gizi dan kesehatan menurut survei daring yang diadakan oleh SEAMEO RECFON dengan melihat gambaran hasil kompetensi berdasarkan karakteristik peserta dan menilai kualitas pengukuran kompetensi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif, sampel yang digunakan total sampling sebanyak 78.711 guru PAUD. Analisis meliputi analisis butir soal (tingkat kesukaran butir soal, daya pembeda soal, distribusi jawaban dan rasch model) dan analisis deskriptif terhadap karakteristik responden. Hasil penelitian terhadap butir soal didapatkan 3 item soal yang dinyatakan tidak layak, 8 item soal yang diterima dengan perbaikan, dan ke 29 soal item lainnya sudah cukup baik untuk mengukur kemampuan peserta. Pengukuran menggunakan rasch model, didapatkan keseluruha soal ujian sudah fit secara statistik dan sudah memiliki variasi tingkat kesukaran item yang baik. Hasil analisis Reliabilitas Kuder Ridchardson (KR21) sebesar 0,742 menunjukkan reliabilitas soal dapat diterima.Secara keselurahan kompetensi gizi dan kesehatan guru PAUD belum baik dengan tingkat kelulusan sebesar 33,6%, standar kelulusan menggunakan nilai cut off point 70%. Semakin tinggi tingkat pendidikan persentase kelulusan semakin baik, namun tidak berlaku untuk tingkat pendidikan Doktor hal ini dikarenakan adanya kemungkinan memegang peran manajemen PAUD. Semakin lama pengalaman mengajar persentase kelulusan kompetensinya semakin baik. Domisili terbanyak yang menjadi peserta ujian tinggal di wilayah Indonesia Barat. Peserta dengan riwayat pelatihan (DIKLAT dasar dan pelatihan gizi-kesehatan) persentase kelulusannya lebih baik dibanding kelulusan peserta yang tidak ikut pelatihan. Peserta yang terlibat menjadi kader posyandu persentase kelulusan kompetensinya lebih baik dibanding persentase kelulusan guru yang bukan kader posyandu.

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Competence is a basic ability that must be possessed by someone to achieve success in work.This study aims to assess the readiness of ECE teachers in nutritional and health competency aspects according to an online survey conducted by SEAMEO RECFON by looking at the picture of competency results based on participant characteristics and assessing the quality of competency measurement. This research is a study quantitative descriptive, the sample used is a total sampling of 78,711 ECE teachers. The analysis includes item analysis (item difficulty level, item discrimination, distribution answers, Rasch model) and descriptive analysis of the respondent's characteristics. The results of the research on the items obtained 3 items that were declared not feasible, 8 items were received with improvement, and the other 29 item items were good enough to measure the ability of participants. Measurement using the Rasch model, obtained all exam questions are statistically fit and already have a good variation in the level of difficulty items. The results of the Kuder Ridchardson Reliability Analysis (KR21) of 0.742 indicate the reliability of the questions is acceptable. Overall, the nutrition and health competence of PAUD teachers is not good with a graduation rate of 33,6%, the passing grade uses a 70% cut off point value. The higher the level of education the better percentage of graduation, but it does not apply to Doctoral education leves because of the possibility of holding PAUD management roles. The longer teaching experience the better percentage of graduation. Most domiciles who become test takers live in Western Indonesia. Participants with a history of training (basic training and nutrition-health training) the percentage of graduation is better than graduation of participants who did not participate in the training. Participants who were involved in becoming Posyandu cadre graduation rate were better than the graduation percentage of teachers who were not Posyandu cadres."

"Kurang gizi pada balita 0-23 bulan masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat diProvinsi DKI Jakarta. Pada tahun 2017 prevalensi underweight di Provinsi DKI Jakarta tergolong prevalensi medium 14,5, sementara wasting tergolong serius, sedangkanuntuk stunting termasuk rendah 18,1. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan energi, asupan protein, asupan lemak, keragaman jenis makanan, frekuensi pemberian makanan, ASI eksklusif, inisiasi menyusu dini, penimbangaan berat badan, pemberian kapsul vitamin A, riwayat pendidikan formal ibu dan status ibubekerja dengan kurang gizi pada Balita 0-23 bulan di Provinsi DKI Jakarta tahun 2017.Kurang gizi diukur menggunakan Compocite Index of Anthropometric Failure CIAF. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 658 balita 0-23 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi kurang gizi pada Balita 0-23 bulan dengan indikator CIAF jauh lebih tinggi 31,9 dibandingkan dengan indikator BB/U,PB/U, dan BB/PB. Asupan protein, keragaman jenis makanan, pemberian kapsulvitamin A dan status bekerja ibu berhubungan signifikan dengan kurang gizi. Faktor dominan adalah asupan protein. Balita yang mengkonsumsi protein kurang memiliki risiko sebesar 4,8 kali 95 CI: 0.599-38.746 untuk mengalami kurang gizi dibandingkan Balita yang mengkonsumsi protein cukup. Terdapat interaksi antaraasupan protein dan keragaman jenis makanan. Interaksi tersebut saling melemahkan terhadap kejadian kurang gizi.

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Undernutrition in under five children 0 23 months is still a public health problem in DKI Jakarta Province. In 2017, the prevalence of underweight in DKI Jakarta is classified as medium prevalence 14.5, while wasting is considered serious, meanwhile stunting is low 18.1. The objectives of the study were to investigate the relationship between energy intake, protein intake, fat intake, food diversity, feeding frequency, exclusive breastfeeding, early breastfeeding initiation, weight monitoring,vitamin A capsule supplementation, maternal formal education and maternal working status with undernutrition in under five children 0 23 months. Undernutrition was measured using the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure CIAF. This research use cross sectional design with number of sample 658.

The results showed prevalence of undernutrition using CIAF indicator is much higher 31.9 compared with BB U, PB U, and BB PB indicators. Protein intake, dietary diversity, vitamin A capsule supplementation and maternal working status were significantly associated with undernutrition. The dominant factor is protein intake. Toddlers who consumed less protein had 4.8 times higher risk 95 CI 0.599 38.746 to experience undernutrition compared to toddlers who consumed enough protein. There is an interaction between protein intake and food diversity. The interactions are mutually debilitating to theincidence of undernutrition."

"ABSTRAKKesenjangan Pembiayaan Program Gizi Pada Dinas KesehatanKabupaten Bekasi Tahun 2016-2017Penanganan masalah gizi sangat penting untuk meningkatkan kualitas sumberdayamanusia. Salah satu input untuk dapat mencapai target Standar Pelayanan Minimal SPM program gizi adalah kecukupan pendanaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuikesenjangan kebutuhan pembiayaan yang membandingkan antara kebutuhan berdasarkanperhitungan biaya SPM dengan realisasi belanja program gizi di tahun 2016 dan 2017.Penelitian ini juga sekaligus mendapat gambaran proses perencanaan, penganggaran dankesenjangan anggaran yang ada. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan rancangan potonglintang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kenaikan realisasi anggaran program giziyang cukup tinggi di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Bekasi, dari Rp 3.931.449.461 di tahun2016 menjadi Rp. 9.146.251.165 di tahun 2017. Pemanfaatan realisasi anggaran tersebutpaling banyak digunakan untuk kegiatan preventif berupa pemberian makanan tambahanuntuk ibu hamil Kekurangan Energi Kronis KEK dan balita kurus yaitu sebesar 66,55 pada tahun 2016 dan sebesar 59,35 di tahun 2017. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapbahwa total realisasi belanja lebih besar daripada total kebutuhan biaya berdasarkan SPM.Besarnya kebutuhan biaya SPM program gizi tahun 2016 dari 4 jenis pelayanan dasardalam SPM adalah sebesar Rp 1.779.095.450 pada tahun 2016 dan Rp. 2.347.821.493tahun 2017. Terdapat kelebihan sebesar Rp. 2.152.354.011 pada tahun 2016 dan Rp.6.798.429.672 pada tahun 2017. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara mendalam diketahuibahwa dalam proses perencanaan sudah dilakukan analisa masalah, penetapan tujuan dandilakukan identifikasi kegiatan. Proses penganggaran yang dilakukan sudah berbasiskinerja karena telah membuat anggaran berdasarkan skala prioritas dan telah menetapkanindikator kinerja.Kata Kunci: Kesenjangan biaya, Program Gizi, Perencanaan Penganggaran.

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ABSTRACT Budgeting Gap on Nutrition Program at Bekasi MunicipalHealth Office in 2016 2017Increasing nutrition and overcoming the issues surrounding it is essential in increasingthe quality of human resources in Indonesia. One of the important input aspects to achieveminimum standard services SPM is sufficient budget allocation. This study aims touncover the discrepancy between budget realization and budget estimations of minimumstandard services SPM for the nutrition program in 2016 and 2017 as well as tounderstand the planning and budgeting process. This was a qualitative study with a crosssectional design, utilizing resources of financial data and program implementation.Results of the study revealed that budget realization of nutrition program at BekasiMunicipal Health Office in 2016 and 2017 were Rp 3,931,449,461 and Rp. 9,146,251,165respectively. The majority of the budget was directed to preventive programs where in2016 comprised of 66.55 and in 2017 was 59.35 of the total nutrition budget. Totalspending realized was higher than the yearly total budget estimations based on minimumstandard services SPM . There was excess in budget in 2016 of Rp. 2,152,354,011 andRp. 6,798,429,672 in 2017. In depth interviews revealed the planning process alreadyincludes extensive problem analysis, objective determination and activities identification.The budgeting process is already based on work performance due to it priority scalebudgets and established. Bekasi Municipal Health Office should continue to pursue itscommitment in improving health budget planning and budget efficiency.Key words Budget Gap, Nutrition Program,Health Planning and Budgeting"