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"Latar belakang: Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) adalah tumor ganas yang jarang terjadi pada anak-anak. KNF pada anak prevalensinya kurang dari 1%, tetapi mewakili 20-50% tumor ganas pada anak yang berasal dari nasofaring. Pada orang dewasa Penelitian telah menemukan bahwa latent membrane protein -1  (LMP1) yang diekspresikan oleh virus Epstein-Barr (EBV) mendorong terjadinya perkembangan dan metastasis karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) dan berhubungan dengan sifat agresif dan invasive, namun pada anak belum ada penelitian yang meneliti bagaiamana ekspresi dan peranan LMP-1 tersebut. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang pada 30 blok paraffin dari subjek KNF anak di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Blok Parafin kemudian dilakukan ekstraksi dan pemeriksaan PCR LMP-1, kemudian dibandingkan dengan respons terapi. Hasil penelitian: Hasil LMP-1 positif sebanyak 28 subjek dan negatif sebanyak 2 subjek, dari 30 subjek hanya 27 subjek yang dapat dianalisis karena 2 subjek meninggal saat sebelum menyelesaikan terapi dan 1 subjek belum melakukan evaluasi pasca terapi. LMP-1 positif  sebanyak 17 subjek menunjukkan respons (16 respons komplit dan 1 respons parsial), sedangkan 8 subjek menunjukkan tidak ada respons (2 respons stabil 6 respons progresif). Terdapat 2 subjek dengan hasil LMP-1 negatif, seluruhnya memiliki respons terapi (p=1,000). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara ekspresi LMP-1 dan respons terapi.

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Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignant tumor in children. KNF in children has a prevalence of less than 1%, but represents 20-50% of malignant tumors in children originating from the nasopharynx. In adults, studies have found that latent membrane protein -1 (LMP1) expressed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) promotes the occurrence, progression, and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and is associated with aggressive and invasive properties, but in children, no studies have examined the expression and role of LMP-1. Method: This study used a cross-sectional design on 30 paraffin blocks from pediatric NPC subjects at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta. Paraffin blocks were then DNA extracted and PCR examination of LMP-1 was performed, then compared with the response to therapy. Result: LMP-1 positive was 28 subjects and negative was 2 subjects, and from 30 subjects, only 27 subjects can be analyzed because 2 subjects died before completing therapy and 1 subject has not conducted a post-therapy evaluation. LMP-1 positive as many as 17 subjects showed a response (16 complete responses and 1 partial response), while 8 subjects showed no response (2 stable responses 6 progressive responses). There were 2 subjects with negative LMP-1 results, all of whom responsded to therapy (p = 1.000). Conclusion: There was no association between LMP-1 expression and therapeutic response."

"With the aim of providing a deeper insight into possible mechanisms of biological self-organization, this thesis presents new approaches to describe the process of self-assembly and the impact of spatial organization on the function of membrane proteins, from a statistical physics point of view. It focuses on three important scenarios: the assembly of membrane proteins, the collective response of mechanosensitive channels and the function of the twin arginine translocation (Tat) system. Using methods from equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, general conclusions were drawn that demonstrate the importance of the protein-protein interactions. Namely, in the first part a general aggregation dynamics model is formulated, and used to show that fragmentation crucially affects the efficiency of the self-assembly process of proteins. In the second part, by mapping the membrane-mediated forces into a simplified many-body system, the dynamic and equilibrium behaviour of interacting mechanosensitive channels is derived, showing that protein agglomeration strongly impacts its desired function. The final part develops a model that incorporates both the agglomeration and transport function of the Tat system, thereby providing a comprehensive description of this self-organizing process."

"Latar belakang: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) merupakan salah satu periodontopatogen yang sangat banyak ditemukan pada periodontitis agresif di mana kerusakan tulang sangat cepat terjadi. Periodontitis tidak akan terjadi tanpa diinisasi melalui invasi bakteri ke dalam sel target untuk berproliferasi di dalamnya. Bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans memiliki faktor virulensi Omp29 yang memediasi proses invasi tersebut ke dalam sel epitel gingiva. Tujuan: Menganalisis interaksi bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans dengan sel bone marrow macrophage, preosteoklas dan osteoklas berdasarkan ekspresi gen Omp29 sebagai faktor virulensi bakteri. Metode: Studi in vitro diawali dengan menginfeksikan bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans ke sel prekursor osteoklas (bone marrow macrophage (BMM) dan preosteoklas) dan osteoklas selama 30 menit dengan multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1:1 dan 1:5. Setelah diinfeksikan, terdapat sebagian sel yang langsung dilakukan lisis dengan TRIzol sedangkan sebagiannya lagi diinkubasi kembali selama 16,5 jam sebelum dilisis oleh TRIzol. Analisis ekspresi relatif gen Omp29 bakteri pada medium pasca infeksi dilakukan pada mesin qPCR dengan menggunakan gen 16SrRNA sebagai housekeeping gene. Hasil: Terdapat penurunan ekspresi relatif gen Omp29 pada bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans 18 jam pasca infeksi sel BMM, preosteoklas dan osteoklas terhadap kontrol yaitu bakteri 1,5 jam pasca infeksi sel-sel yang sama. Penurunan ekspresi relatif yang sama ditemukan pada perbandingan antara bakteri 18 jam pasca infeksi sel preosteoklas dengan MOI 1:5 terhadap bakteri 18 jam pasca infeksi sel preosteoklas dengan MOI 1:1. Kesimpulan: Interaksi direk antara bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans dengan sel BMM, preosteoklas dan osteoklas menyebabkan kerusakan atau berkurangnya faktor virulensi Omp29 pada bakteri di mana mekanismenya belum diketahui secara pasti.

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Background: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) is one of the periodontopathogen involved in periodontitis and it is found in abundance in aggressive periodontitis where rapid bone destruction occur. Periodontitis will not happen if it is not initiated by the invasion of bacteria into the targeted cells so that bacteria can proliferate inside them. A. actinomycetemcomitans has a virulence factor named Omp29 which plays a role in gingival epithelium cell invasion. Objective: To analyze the interaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans and osteoclast precursor (bone marrow macrophage (BMM) and preosteoclast) as well as osteoclast itself through the expression of Omp29 gene as a virulence factor. Methods: In vitro study by infecting A. actinomycetemcomitans to osteoclast precursor and osteoclast that is obtained from mice for 30 minutes in two different multiplicity of infection (MOI) which are 1:1 and 1:5. After that, some of the infected cells are immediately lysed using TRIzol and some are incubated again for about 16,5 hours before being lysed. Relative expression of the Omp29 gene from the post-infection medium is obtained using real-time PCR with 16SrRNA as a housekeeping gene. Results: There is downregulation of the relative expression of Omp29 in A. actinomycetemcomitans 18 hpi of BMM, preosteoclast and osteoclast compared to the control which is A. actinomycetemcomitans 1,5 hpi of the same cells in both MOI 1:1 and 1:5. The same is observed when comparing the relative expression of Omp29 in A. actinomycetemcomitans 18 hpi of preosteoclast in MOI 1:1 with MOI 1:5. Conclusion: Direct interaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans and osteoclast cause destruction or decrease of Omp29 which mechanism is still not known and need further study."

"Kejadian ISPA merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kematian pada anak balita di dunia maupun negara berkembang termasuk di ndonesia. Kejadian ISPA banyak ditemukan di pelayanan kesehatan Sulawesi Tengah dan Kabupaten Banggai. Prevalensi ISPA di wilayah kerja UPTD Kesehatan Luwuk Timur terus mengalami peningkatan 3 tahun terakhir.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor ibu, faktor keluarga, faktor balita dan faktor lingkungan dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita di wilyah kerja UPTD Kesehatan Luwuk Timur, penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional, populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh bayi dan balita umur 0-59 bulan, jumlah sampel 166, bertempat tinggal di wilayah kerja UPTD Kesehatan Luwuk Timur.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara riwayat ASI ekslusif (0,002; 1,49-5,40), pencahayaan (0,019; 1,18-4,31), jenis dinding (0,003; 1,45-5,30), kelembaban (0,001; 1,65-6,15) dan suhu (0,001; 1,65-6,15) dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita. Variabel yang diprediksi paling dominan menyebabkan ISPA adalah kelembaban (0,025; 1,13-6,14).The incidence of ARI is one of the leading causes of death in children under five years in the world and developing countries including Indonesia. ARI incidence found in care health and Banggai Central Sulawesi. The prevalence of ARI at the coverage of Luwuk East Health increased in past 3 years.

This study aims to determine the relationship maternal factors, family factors, toddlers factors and environmental factors with the incidence of ARI in infants at Coverage Area of Luwuk East Health ,this study used a cross-sectional design, the population were all infants and toddlers 0-59 months, the number of samples is 166 and lived in the Coverage Area of Luwuk East Health.

The results showed significant association between a history of exclusive breast feeding (0,002; 1,49-5,40), lighting (0,019; 1,18-4,31), the type of wall (0,003; 1,45-5,30), humidity (0,001; 1,65-6,15) and temperature (0,001; 1,65-6,15) with the incidence of respiratory infection in infants. Variables that predicted the most dominant cause of ARI is humidity (0,025; 1,13-6,14)."

"HIV-1 adalah virus yang menginfeksi serta menghancurkan atau mengganggu fungsi sel-sel sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia. HIV-1 memiliki enzim yang penting dan dibutuhkan dalam perakitan dan pematangan virion yaitu protease HIV-1. Protease HIV-1 telah diketahui selama beberapa dekade sebagai target yang potensial sebagai struktur dasar desain obat. Teknologi komputasi dapat digunakan dalam mengembangkan obat baru yang menggunakan metode penapisan virtual. Pada penelitian ini, proses validasi untuk penapisan virtual protease HIV-1 dilakukan dengan program Autodock dan Vina yang terdapat pada program PyRx menggunakan basis data dari A Directory of Useful Decoys (DUD). Parameter penapisan virtual yang divariasikan untuk validasi adalah ukuran Grid Box dan Maximum Number of Evaluation. Parameter validasi yang digunakan untuk menentukan penapisan virtual yang optimum yaitu EF 1%, 10%, dan 20% dan AUC ROC. Penapisan virtual menggunakan program AutoDock yang optimum adalah pada parameter Grid Box 50 x 50 x 50 dan Maximum Number of Energy Evaluations 1.000.000. Penapisan virtual meggunakan program Vina yang optimum adalah parameter Grid Box 22,5 x 22,5 x 22,5 untuk protease HIV-1 menggunakan air.

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HIV-1 is a virus that infects and destroys or interferes the function of cell of human immune system. HIV-1 has essential enzymes and needed for virion assembly and maturation such as HIV-1 protease. HIV-1 protease has been known for decades as a potential target of drug design as the basic structure. Computation technology that could be used for developing a new drug is virtual screening method. In this research, the validation process on the virtual screening of HIV-1 protease was done with AutoDock and Vina program contained in the PyRx program using database from A Directory of Useful decoys (DUD). Varied virtual screening parameters used for validation were Grid Box's size and Maximum Number of Evaluation. Validation parameters that were used to determine virtual screening optimum parameters are EF 1%, 10%, and 20% and AUC ROC. The optimum virtual screening parameter using AutoDock program was Grid Box 50 x 50 x 50 and the Maximum Number of Energy Evaluations 1,000,000 on HIV-1 protease using water. The optimum virtual screening parameter using Vina program was Grid Box 22.5 x 22.5 x 22.5 in HIV-1 protease using water."

"Tujuan : Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian NED terhadap status protein penderita luka bakar derajat II, 20-60% dari luas permukaan tubuh (LPT) dan/atau derajat III ≥ 10% LPT usia 18-60 tahun.Tempat : Unit Luka Bakar RSUPNCMBahan dan Cara : Penelitian ini merupakan suatu uji klinik dengan randomisasi yang telah disetujui oleh panitia tetap penilai etik penelitian Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Duapuluh subyek yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan dan penolakan dibagi 2 kelompok secara randomisasi blok. Sepuluh subyek perlakuan diberi NED mulai ≤ 8 jam pasca luka bakar, sedangkan 10 subyek kontrol diberi nutrisi enteral/oral 24 jam pasca luka bakar. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 12 hari. Status protein ditetapkan dengan pemeriksaan albumin dan prealbumin serum serta nitrogen urea urin (NUU). Sampel darah untuk pemeriksaan albumin dan prealbumin diambil hari ke-l, 7, dan 12. Urin tampung 24 jam untuk pemeriksaan NUU diambil hari ke-3, 7 dan 12. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji t untuk data berdistribusi normal dan uji Mann Whitney U untuk data berdistribusi tidak normal, batas kemaknaan yang digunakan sebesar 5%.Hasil : Penelitian ini menunjukkan pemberian NED tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna terhadap status protein antara kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol, tetapi pada kelompok perlakuan didapatkan peningkatan kadar prealbumin dan gambaran penurunan kadar NUU yang lebih tajam.Kesimpulan : NED mempunyai kecenderungan dapat memperbaiki status protein walaupun belum dapat dibuktikan secara statistik.

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The Effect of Early Enteral Nutrition (EEN) on Protein Status in Burn Patients at Burn Unit Dr. Cipto Mangun Kusumo Hospital 1999-2000Objective: To know the effect of EEN on protein status in burn patients with 20-60% total body surface area (TBSA) of second degree burned, and/or ≥ 10% TBSA of third degree burned, age 18-60 years old subjects.

Place: Burn Unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Material and Methods

The study was a randomized clinical trial, which already certify by the ethical clearance research committee of the Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. Twenty subjects were selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into two groups by block randomization. Ten subjects were given enteral nutrition started ≤ 8 hours post burn, while 10 control subjects were given enteral / oral nutrition 24 hours post burn. Observation was done for 12 days. Protein status was determined by the laboratory result of albumin and prealbumin serum and the level of urinary urea nitrogen (UUN). Blood samples for albumin and prealbumin serum were taken on the day 1st, 7th and 12th. Twenty four hours collected urines for UUN examination were taken on the day 3rd, 7th and 12th . Statistical analysis was performed with t-test for data with normal distribution and Mann Whitney U test for data which do not conform to a normal distribution. The level of significance was 5%.

Results: The results showed no significant difference between the two groups, except on day 12th the prealbumin level tends to increase and the UUN level tend to decrease in the study group.

Conclusion : The EEN tend to be able to increase the protein status although has not statistically proven yet."

"The isotherm adsorptions of Cu2+ ions in aqueous slutions by cross-linked chitosan-cellulose composite membranes were investigated...."

"Kanker kolorektal diketahui berhubungan dengan massa otot yang rendah. Massa otot yang rendah dihubungkan dengan luaran klinis yang buruk. Telah diketahui bahwa asupan protein adalah salah satu faktor yang berperan dalam mempertahankan massa otot. Namun, studi-studi yang ada mengenai efek pemberian protein tinggi pada pasien kanker kolorektal terhadap massa otot belum dapat disimpulkan karena kurangnya bukti dari penelitian berkualitas baik dan intervensi pada studi yang berbeda-beda. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui korelasi antara asupan protein dengan indeks massa otot skelet pada pasien kanker kolorektal yang dirawat inap di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang pada subjek dewasa kanker kolorektal yang dirawat inap di RSCM. Asupan protein dinilai menggunakan multiple 24 hour recall. Indeks massa otot skelet didapatkan dari pengukuran massa otot skelet dalam kilogram menggunakan BIA multifrequency, lalu dibagi dengan tinggi badan dalam meter yang dikuadratkan. Sebanyak 52,5% subjek berjenis kelamin perempuan dan 50% subjek berada pada stadium IV. Terapi yang paling banyak telah dijalani subjek adalah kombinasi pembedahan dan kemoterapi (n=16, 40%). Tidak ditemukan korelasi antara asupan protein dan indeks massa otot skelet (r = -0,04, P=0,795).

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Colorectal cancer is known to be associated with low muscle mass. Low muscle mass is associated with poor clinical outcome. It is known that protein intake is one of the factors that play a role in maintaining muscle mass. However, the existing studies on the effect of administering high protein in colorectal cancer patients on muscle mass have not been definitively concluded due to the lack of evidence from good quality studies and differences of intervention in existing studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between protein intake and skeletal muscle mass index in colorectal cancer patients who were hospitalized at the RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). The study used a cross-sectional design on adult subjects with colorectal cancer who were hospitalized at RSCM. Protein intake was assessed using multiple 24 hour recalls. Skeletal muscle mass index was obtained from the measurement of skeletal muscle mass in kilograms using BIA multifrequency, then divided by height in meters squared. A total of 52.5% of the subjects were female and 50% of the subjects were in stage IV. The most common therapy that the subject had undergone was a combination of surgery and chemotherapy (n=16, 40%). No correlation was found between protein intake and skeletal muscle mass index (r = -0.04, P=0.795)."

"Latar belakang: Peningkatan insidensi karsinoma sel skuamosa (KSS) rongga mulut dan orofaring telah memicu berbagai studi mengenai peran Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) pada patogenesis KSS rongga mulut dan orofaring. Dewasa ini, pemeriksaan imunohistokimia p16, suatu protein penanda yang dibentuk oleh sel tubuh akibat terinfeksi HPV, semakin marak digunakan sebagai alternatif dari pemeriksaan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pemeriksaan ini membutuhkan biaya tinggi dengan ketersediaannya yang rendah. Status p16 juga menentukan stadium KSS orofaring berdasarkan panduan diagnosis oleh American Joint Commitee on Cancer (AJCC) edisi ke-8. Panduan diagnosis tersebut dibuat berdasarkan penelitian yang menyatakan bahwa respons radiasi dan prognosis KSS orofaring lebih baik pada pasien dengan status p16 positif. Tujuan penelitian: Membandingkan respons radiasi pada pasien dengan KSS rongga mulut dan orofaring berdasarkan status p16. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dan melibatkan 27 pasien KSS rongga mulut dan orofaring di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Data karakteristik pasien diambil dari rekam medis, anamnesis pasien, serta hasil pemeriksaan CT scan dan/atau MRI. Status p16 ditentukan dengan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia dengan pulasan antibodi p16INK4a. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) versi 20. Hasil: Status p16 positif ditemukan pada 11 dari 27 subjek (40,7%). Berdasarkan analisis bivariat, tidak terdapat asosiasi yang bermakna antara status p16 dengan respons terapi (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari status p16 terhadap respons radiasi pada KSS orofaring dan rongga mulut

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Background: The increasing incidence of oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has led to the initiation of various studies on human papillomavirus (HPV), which plays a role in the pathogenesis of oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC. Nowadays, immunohistochemistry examination of p16, a marker protein formed by HPV-infected cells, is increasingly used as an alternative to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which requires high cost yet has low availability. According to 8th American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) guideline on oropharyngeal cancer, p16 status also determines the staging of oropharyngeal SCC, indicating that the radiation response and prognosis of oropharyngeal SCC are better in p16-positive patients. Aim: To compare the radiation response in patients with oral and oropharyngeal SCC based on p16 status. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 27 patients with oral and oropharyngeal SCC at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital. Patients characteristics were obtained from medical records, history taking, and CT scan and/or MRI results. p16 status was determined by p16INK4a immunohistochemistry and nasal polyp paraffin block examination (eosinophil infiltration and biofilm). Data analysis was performed using Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Results: Positive p16 status was found in 11 of 27 subjects (40,7%). Based on bivariate analysis, no significant association was found between p16 status and radiation response (p>0.05)."