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"Globalisasi dan neoliberalisasi secara global telah menciptakan bentuk ekonomi transnasional yang baru dengan tingkat integrasi ekonomi antar negara yang transformatif terhadap ekonomiekonomi nasional. Salah satu aspek ekonomi yang terpengaruh berkat kebijakan-kebijakan neoliberal adalah ketenagakerjaan dan pasar tenaga kerja, utamanya karena meningkatnya kompetisi ekonomi global mendorong firma-firma untuk menekan ongkos melalui relokasi situs produksi di wilayah dengan ongkos produksi yang lebih murah, yaitu di negara-negara Selatan. Namun, fenomena tersebut telah mendorong masuknya pekerja perempuan secara masif pada ketenagakerjaan berbayar atau yang lalu disebut sebagai feminisasi kerja, suatu hal yang merefleksikan aspek tergender (gendered) dalam pasar tenaga kerja dan ketenagakerjaan secara umum. Maka dari itu, perspektif feminis digunakan untuk menganalisis bagaimana pasar tenaga kerja dan ketenagakerjaan yang tergender membentuk suatu fenomena feminisasi kerja. Tugas karya akhir ini menilik 38 literatur dalam perspektif feminis yang sensitif terhadap aspek gender dalam institusi, diskursus, hingga hubungan Utara-Selatan yang berhubungan dengan feminisasi kerja. Literatur-literatur yang telah dikumpulkan lalu dikategorisasikan pada tiga tema besar menggunakan metode tipologi, yaitu (1) feminisasi kerja dalam perspektif ekonomi politik, (2) feminisasi kerja dalam perspektif gender, dan (3) implikasi feminisasi kerja. Penulis menemukan bahwa perspektif feminis liberal dan feminis poststruktural menjadi basis dari literatur mengenai feminisasi kerja yang lalu menggambarkan feminisasi kerja sebagai proses yang dinamis dan berperan dalam membentuk tren global mengenai ketenagakerjaan, serta mencakup beberapa fenomena yang saling berkelindan dengan globalisasi sebagai pusatnya.

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Globalization and neoliberalization globally has created a new form of transnational economy with a level of economic integration that is transformative towards national economies. One of the sectors of economy that is influenced is labour and the labour market, especially because the increasing economic competition globally has pushed firms to cut their costs through relocating production sites in areas where the cost of production is lower, which is in the Global South. However, that phenomenon has pushed women workers into paid labour on a massive scale, something that is then termed as feminization of labour, reflecting the gendered aspect of the labour market and labour as a whole. Therefore, a feminist perspective is used to analyze how the gendered labour market and gendered labour shape a phenomenon that is feminization of labour. This final project reviews 38 literatures with a feminist perspective that is sensitive to the gender aspect in institutions, discourses, even Global South-North relations related to feminization of labour. The literatures are then categorized into three major themes using the typology method, which are (1) feminization of labour through a political economy perspective, (2) feminization of labour through a gender perspective, and (3) implications of feminization of labour. The author finds that a liberal feminist and poststructural feminist perspective create the basis for the literature of feminization of labour, which then depicts feminization of labour as a dynamic process that contributes towards the shaping of global labour trends, and encompasses several intertwined phenomenons with globalization at its center."

"Feminisasi kemiskinan ialah suatu fenomena yang menggambarkan kemiskinan pada perempuan terkait dengan hak akses dan kesempatan ekonomi.. Konsep ini meliputi pembahasan mengenai dimensi jender dalam kemiskinan yang menciptakan kesenjangan. Studi ini memetakan faktor pendorong dilihat dari persamaan asumsi dasar masing-masing pemikiran permasalahan kemiskinan yang universal, khususnya di Negara Dunia Ketiga. Dalam melihat isu feminisasi kemiskinan, penulis mengangkat isu Buruh Migran Indonesia dan perdagangan manusia untuk melihat fenomena kemiskinan pada perempuan. Kemiskinan dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu poverty as state dan poverty as process. Studi ini juga menganalisis strategi pembangunan dalam perspektif jender, yaitu Women in Development (WID), Woman and Development (WAD) dan Gender and Development (GAD). Studi ini menjelaskan perkembangan feminisasi kemiskinan dalam hubungan internasional dan bagaimana respons kebijakan dalam strategi pembangunan yang ada. Studi ini menggunakan metode taksonomi konseptual dalam pengelompokan literatur. Pembahasan dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu; (1) perkembangan literatur konsep feminisasi kemiskinan dan intersectionality, (2) perkembangan strategi pembangunan oleh PBB terkait dengan feminisasi kemiskinan dan (3) perdebatan, konsensus, dan kesenjangan literatur. Intersectionality merupakan konsep utama yang digunakan penulis untuk menjawab isu feminisasi kemiskinan. Bentuk penindasan yang didasari oleh jender, ras, dan etnis mengalami interseksi dan membentuk sebuah matrix of domination. Penulismenyimpulkan bahwa matrix of domination adalah faktor pendorong feminisasi kemiskinan yang seharusnya menyertakan efektivitas kebijakan sebagai nilai fundamental dalam perubahan. Berdasarkan hal ini, diperlukan integrasi dalam analisis kesejahteraan perempuan melalui individu, lembaga di tingkat negara, dan dorongan sistem internasional seperti PBB.

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Feminization of poverty is a phenomenon that illustrates poverty of women in terms of rights of access and economic opportunity. This concept includes a discussion of gender dimension in poverty that causes inequality. This study explains push factor(s) referring to basic assumptions causing global poverty of women, particularly in Third World Countries. The author raises international migrant worker and human trafficking issues to portray women poverty. Poverty is divided into two dimensions: poverty as a state and poverty as a process. The study will be analyzing development strategy in the gender perspective, which are Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD) and Gender and Development (GAD). The study explains feminization poverty in international relations studies and how policy within developmental strategy respond. This study uses the conceptual taxonomic method in classifying literature. The discussion is divided into three; (1) evolution of poverty feminization, and intersectionality, (2) United Nation`s developmental strategy linking with feminization of poverty, and (3) debates, consent, and literature gaps. The author concludes that matrix of domination is an approach to understands intersectionality in terms of poverty pushing-factors as an effort for change. Based on this argument, the author supposed that poverty alleviation and gender equality should systemized under integrating approach supported by individual, government, and United Nations in international system."

"Feminisasi kemiskinan memperlihatkan lebih besarnya jumlah perempuan penyandang kemiskinan dibandingkan dengan laki-laki. Sayangnya, fenomena ini masih terjadi di Indonesia dilihat dari ketidaksetaraan gender dan ketimpangan kemiskinan antara perempuan dan laki-laki. Berbeda dengan negara tetangganya, Filipina telah berada di peringkat 10 besar dunia dalam hal kesetaraan gender tahun 2018. Indonesia dan Filipina sama-sama telah mengadopsi model kuangan dan usaha mikro untuk memberdayakan perempuan dan meminimalisir feminisasi kemiskinan perempuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan faktor sosial dan budaya yang memunculkan feminisasi kemiskinan di Indonesia dan Filipina, serta membandingkan program keuangan dan usaha mikro di Indonesia dan Filipina dalam pengaruhnya menanggulangi feminisasi kemiskinan. Urgensi dari penelitian ini adalah terungkapnya persamaan dan perbedaan feminisasi kemiskinan serta keuangan mikro di Indonesia dan Filipina agar dapat menjadi pembelajaran bagi lembaga keuangan mikro Indonesia untuk kesejahteraan perempuan di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah tinjauan pustaka, dimana penulis meninjau berbagai literatur seperti jurnal, buku, laporan terkait dengan rentang waktu publikasi tidak terbatas. Penelitian membandingkan faktor sosial budaya berdasarkan penyebab feminisasi kemiskinan yaitu kemiskinan kultural dan struktural. Secara kultural Indonesia dan Filipina memiliki budaya tradisional yang merugikan perempuan. Namun, kedua negara ini telah menuju pada pembangunan yang setara gender, terlebih Filipina dalam kebijakannya yang bersifat Gender Mainstreaming. Hasil komparasi selanjutnya adalah perbandingan program keuangan mikro, yaitu PNM Mekaar dari Indonesia berusia 6 tahun dan Proyek Dungganon dari Filipina yang berusia lebih dari 30 tahun menggunakan aspek-aspek dari buku Microfinance handbook: An institutional and financial perspective oleh Joanna Ledgerwood, yaitu tujuan program, penargetan program, intermediasi sosial, serta analisis dampak. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kedua program sama-sama memiliki tujuan pembangunan khas serta sama-sama bersifat penargetan tidak langsung. Intermediasi sosial PNM Mekaar berupa sistem tanggung renteng sementara Proyek Dungganon berupa sistem kelompok dengan metode 2-2-1. Demikian pula dengan dampak yang berbeda dari masing-masing program namun telah sejalan dengan tujuan pembangunan yang mereka punya. Jadi kesimpulan dari penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa baik PNM Mekaar dan Proyek Dungganon memberi dampak positif terhadap perekonomian nasabahnya meskipun dengan proses peminjaman dan intermediasi sosial yang berbeda dan memiliki ciri khas unik. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberi masukan kepada lembaga keuangan dan usaha mikro untuk pemberdayaan perempuan di Indonesia. Selain itu, menjadi sumbangsih bagi mata kuliah Dimensi Sosial dan Ekonomi bagi Kesejahteraan Sosial serta mata kuliah Masalah Kemiskinan.

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Feminization of poverty is an observation that the number of women living in poverty is greater than that of men. Unfortunately, this phenomenon still occurs in Indonesia, which can be seen from the prevalent gender inequality and poverty inequality between women and men. However, unlike its neighbors, the Philippines has been ranked in the top 10 in the world in terms of gender equality. Indonesia and the Philippines have both adopted financial and micro-enterprise models to empower women and minimize the feminization of poverty. This study aims to describe the social and cultural factors that influence the feminization of poverty in Indonesia and the Philippines. Furthermore, the author aims to analyze and compare the financial and micro-enterprise programs in Indonesia and the Philippines and their influence in overcoming the feminization of poverty in these two countries. The urgency of this research is to reveal the similarities and differences in the feminization of poverty and microfinance in Indonesia and the Philippines so that it can be a lesson for Indonesian microfinance institutions for the welfare of women in Indonesia. The research method used is a literature review, where the author reviews various literatures such as journals, books, reports on related issues, with an unlimited publication time span.. This is done so that the authors can reach various data on a wider scale from abroad, specifically from the Philippines. Research reveals that socio-cultural factors that lead to the feminization of poverty are based on cultural and structural poverty. Culturally, Indonesia and the Philippines have traditional cultures that marginalize women's potential. However, these two countries have been heading towards gender-equal development, especially the Philippines in its Gender Mainstreaming policy. The result of the next comparison is a comparison of microfinance programs, namely PNM Mekaar from Indonesia who is 6 years old and Project Dungganon from the Philippines which is more than 30 years old. The comparison was carried out using aspects from the Microfinance handbook: An institutional and financial perspective by Joanna Ledgerwood, which are: program objectives, program targeting, social intermediation, and impact analysis. Both programs share specific development goals and are both implementing indirect targeting. PNM Mekaar's social intermediation is in the form of a joint responsibility system, while the Dungganon Project is a group system using the 2-2-1 method. Likewise, the different impacts of each program but have been in line with their development goals. So the conclusion of this study can be seen that both PNM Mekaar and the Dungganon Project have a positive impact on the economy of their customers, even though the lending and social intermediation processes are different and have unique characteristics. This research is expected to provide input to financial institutions and micro-enterprises for women's empowerment in Indonesia. In addition, it is a contribution to the Social and Economic Dimensions for Social Welfare courses and the Poverty Problems course."

"India's female employment and labour force participation have been declining since the mid-2000s. Kerala, traditionally its best-performing state on these indicators, has done worse than the country as a whole. This article examines the shifts that occurred in Kerala's female employment and participation between 2004 and 2012, by household income level, age group, level of education and occupational category. Those dropping out of the labour market are typically young, educated women qualified for professional occupations, suggesting a discouragement effect exacerbated by widening gender pay differentials in top occupations. These shifts have obliterated some of the hitherto defining features of Kerala's labour market."

"Using Eurostat data for 2007, 2010 and 2012, the authors examine the effects of the 2008 crisis on the situation of male and female workers in Italy, Ireland and Portugal, with particular attention to changing labour market dynamics, (intra-household) employment patterns, and incomes. The gender gaps in employment, unemployment and precarious employment are narrowing, but this trend cannot be interpreted as progress toward gender equality: it is driven by men's increasingly vulnerable position resulting from the generalized deterioration of labour market conditions, including the growth of precarious and/or low-paid employment, unemployment and poverty to the detriment of household living standards."

"In the developing world, standard measures of occupational segregation by sex may be deeply misleading because of structural, cultural and historical differences between developing countries and the developed countries that often feature in studies of segregation. In Jamaica in particular, the legacy of slavery has made female labour an integral part of the workforce for centuries ? whereas large-scale female participation in the developed countries can only be measured in decades. The authors find that the country's large, undifferentiated pools of unskilled labour ironically translate into lower levels of occupational segregation, with women outpacing men in the professional categories."

"Based on the 2003 trends in International mathematics and science study, the authors find that negative associations between student employment and academic achievement are stronger in some countriesthan in others - differences likely to result from country-specific work oppurtunities and needs.... "

"In a report released in 2006, the ILO highlighted the difficultties of labour inspection in its member states and advocated a number of measures to strengthen its effectivenes...."

"The 18th International conference of labour statisticians was convened at the end of 2008. Its agenda featured, inter alia, the measurement of working time, child labour, decent work, labour underutilization and valunteer work...."

"Outside of the International labour organization, the united states uses two main chnnels to promote labour standards internationally: bilateral or regional trade agreements and "labour diplomacy"...."