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"Artikel ini membahas tentang peran A.K. Gani sebagai ketua delegasi Republik Indonesia (RI) dalam Konferensi PBB Havana, Kuba tahun 1947 dan dampak diplomasinya bagi Indonesia. Pada Konferensi PBB Havana, Kuba 1947, A.K. Gani melalui pidatonya menyampaikan pandangannya terkait pembentukan ITO (International Trade Organization) dan memperkenalkan RI dihadapan negara-negara peserta konferensi. Pada konferensi ini, A.K. Gani menjalin kontrak dagang dengan Matthew Fox dan berhasil mendirikan perusahaan American-Indonesian Corporation. Dibawah naungan perusahaan ini, RI berhasil menembus blokade ekonomi Belanda lewat perdagangan ekspor impor dengan Amerika Serikat. Artikel ini ditulis dengan menggunakan metode sejarah, dengan mengumpulkan data berupa arsip dokumen, surat kabar, buku, artikel jurnal, tesis, disertasi, dan artikel online yang diperoleh dari Museum Pahlawan Nasional Mayjen TNI (Purn) Dr. A.K. Gani Palembang, Arsip Nasional RI, Arsip digital PBB, Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia, Perpustakaan Nasional, Perpustakaan DPR RI, dan website Delpher.nl.

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This article discusses the role of A.K. Gani as the head of the delegation of the Republic of Indonesia (RI) at the UN Conference in Havana, Cuba in 1947 and the impact of his diplomacy for Indonesia. At the 1947 Havana, Cuba UN Conference, A.K. Gani through his speech expressed his views regarding the establishment of the ITO (International Trade Organization) and introduced RI in front of the participating countries. At this conference, A.K. Gani established a trade contract with Matthew Fox and succeeded in establishing the American-Indonesian Corporation. Under the auspices of this company, RI managed to break the Dutch economic blockade through import-export trade with the United States. This article is written using the historical method, by collecting data in the form of archival documents, newspapers, books, journal articles, theses, dissertations, and online articles obtained from the National Heroes Museum of Major General. TNI (Ret.) Dr. A.K. Gani Palembang, the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia, the UN digital archive, the University of Indonesia Library, the National Library, the House of Representatives Library, and the Delpher.nl website."

"Tesis ini membahas pertikaian etnis Hispanik-Amerika dalam konteks kasus imigran gelap Elián González dengan memperlihatkan adanya berbagai kelompok yang turut memanfaatkan kasus tersebut dalam mencapai tujuan kelompok masing-masing. Adanya upaya-upaya melindungi Elián González dari kasus imigran gelap kategori "Wet-foot" membawa konflik etnis yang menjurus pada politisasi massa. Tesis ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode penelitian sejarah pendekatan politikologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa politik diskriminasi dalam kebijakan imigrasi Amerika Serikat berpotensi menimbulkan pertentangan etnis. Dalam arti lain yaitu suatu komunitas etnis yang terorganisir dengan baik dapat menjadi sebuah kekuatan politik yang dominan dalam sistem demokrasi di Amerika Serikat.

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This thesis is mainly focused on the American-Hispanics ethnic disputes in the context of Elián González illegal immigrant case by showing the existence of various groups who make use of the case in achieving the goals of their respective groups. The attempts to protect the Elián González "Wet-foot" case brings ethnic conflict that leads to the mass-politization. This thesis is a qualitative research using historical methods with politics approach. The research indicates that any political discrimination in the U.S. immigration policy could potentially lead to ethnic conflict. Here the writer finds that an ethnic community that is well organized can become a dominant political force in the democratic system in the United States."

"Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang peran jawara dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan di Bekasi periode 1947-1949. Periode 1947-1949 adalah masa terpenting membentuk Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Upaya mempertahankan kemerdekaan melibatkan seluruh elemen masyarakat. Di Bekasi kemunculan Jawara memberikan pemahaman yang berbeda dari yang sebelumnya, jika masa kolonial dikenal sebagai kaki tangan tuan tanah, sedangkan pada masa revolusi Jawara mengalami pergeseran peran menjadi pemimpin yang memimpin rakyat dalam melawan Belanda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dan pendekatan teori kharismatik dan teori revolusi. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan para Jawara dalam masa perjuangan kemerdekaan mampu mendorong masyarakat di Bekasi sekitarnya melakukan perlawanan terhadap Belanda dan Sekutu. Dampak yang dihasilkan dari peranan para Jawara menjadikan keamanan Bekasi tetap stabil.

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This study explains the role of champions in the struggle for independence in Bekasi in the period 1947-1949. The period 1947-1949 was the most important period to form the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Efforts to maintain independence involve all elements of society. In Bekasi, the emergence of Jawara gave a different understanding from the previous one, if the colonial period was known as an accomplice of landlords, while during the revolution Jawara experienced a shift in role to become a leader who led the people against the Dutch. This research uses historical methods and approaches to charismatic theory and revolutionary theory. The findings of this study show that the leadership of the Jawara during the struggle for independence was able to encourage people in surrounding Bekasi to fight against the Dutch and the Allies. The impact resulting from the role of the Jawara makes Bekasi's security remain stable."

"In 1947, the Republic of Indonesia (RI) sent a diplomatic mission to seek the international community?s acknowledgement for the nation?s independence. The mission in the Arab nations, particularly in Egypt, was severely challenged by the Netherlands. However, with a spirit of solidarity, the people and government of Egypt supported the struggle and acknowledged RI?s independence, de facto and de jure. Diplomacy was implemented in maintaining RI?s sovereignty which was threatened to be retaken by the Netherlands. Meanwhile, the struggles in military area were maintained to dissipate the Netherlands from Indonesia."