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"Latar Belakang : Penumpukan besi di organ akibat kondisi iron overload dapat menyebabkan gagal fungsi organ limpa sehingga terjadi splenomegali dan harus dilakukan splenektomi. Kondisi ini dapat diatasi dengan pemberian kelasi besi, salah satu kandidat dari alam adalah mangiferin. Buah mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) diketahui memiliki kandungan mangiferin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kadar mangiferin di organ limpa tikus model hemosiderosis setelah diberikan ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa. Metode : Penelitian menggunakan organ limpa dari 15 tikus Sprague-Dawley model besi berlebih dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok. Masingmasing kelompok diberikan perlakuan sesuai dengan kelompoknya, yaitu mangiferin tunggal 50 mg/KgBB, ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa dosis 100 mg/KgBB, dan 200 mg/KgBB. Kemudian kadar mangiferin dihitung menggunakan alat HPLC. Hasil : Rata-rata kadar mangiferin pada organ limpa tikus pada kelompok M adalah sebesar 4950.06±1272.10 (ng/g), kelompok PM1 3942.72±600.29 (ng/g), dan PM2 3572.00±768.73 (ng/g). Ketiga kelompok perlakuan tidak menghasilkan perbedaan yang signifikan. Kesimpulan : Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa menghasilkan kadar mangiferin yang mendekati hasil dari pemberian mangiferin tunggal, pemberian kelompok PM1 paling mendekati hasil dari pemberian kelompok M. Peningkatan dosis ekstrak etanol tidak menghasilkan kadar mangiferin yang sebanding, hasil mangiferin pemberian kelompok PM2 cenderung lebih rendah dibanding kelompok PM1.

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Introduction : Excess iron in the spleen due to iron overload leading to organ failure, resulting in splenomegaly, necessitating splenectomy. One natural candidate to adress this issue is mangiferin, found in Mahkota dewa fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa). This research aims to analyze the level of mangiferin in spleen of hemosiderosis-modeled rats after administering Phalerica macrocarpa fruit ethanol extract. Method :This research used spleens from 15 Sprague-Dawley hemosiderosis-modeled rats divided into 3 groups. Each group was given three different treatments : mangiferin 50 mg/KgBB, ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit 100 mg/KgBB and 200 mg/KgBB. The mangiferin level were calculate using HPLC. Results :The average of mangiferin level of group M was 4950.06±1272.10 (ng/g), group PM1 was 3942.72±600.29 (ng/g), and group PM2 was 3572.00±768.73 (ng/g). There were no significant results. Conclusion : The administration of ethanol extract from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit results mangiferin levels that are close to the results obtained from the administration of pure mangiferin. Among the groups, PM1's administration yields results closest to those of group M (mangiferin). Increasing the dose of ethanol extract does not result in proportionally higher mangiferin levels; the mangiferin levels from the PM2 group tend to be lower than those of the PM1 group."

"Kelebihan besi dapat terjadi akibat transfusi berulang dan peningkatan absorpsi besi pada pasien talasemia. Talasemia dapat menyebabkan splenomegali dan hiperaktivitas limpa, sedangkan kelebihan besi menyebabkan kerusakan DNA dan stress oksidatif. Mangiferin dalam buah Phaleria macrocarpa memiliki potensi sebagai agen pengkelat besi dan antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji ekstrak etanol buah Mahkota Dewa dalam menurunkan kadar besi organ limpa tikus yang mengalami iron overload. Tikus Sprague-Dawley 30 ekor dikelompokkan menjadi normal, kontrol negatif, deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBB, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB (PM1), dan Phaleria macrocarpa 200 mg/kgBB (PM2). Setiap kelompok, kecuali normal, diinjeksikan iron sucrose 15 mg sebanyak 2 kali seminggu secara intraperitoneal. Pada minggu ke-7, dilakukan pengambilan organ limpa untuk dibuatkan homogenat. Homogenat direaksikan dengan HNO3 dan asam perklorat, kemudian ditambahkan aquades dan disaring sebelum kadar besi diukur menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Kadar besi dimasukkan ke dalam rumus dan dianalisis dengan Kruskall-Wallis. Seluruh kelompok yang diinduksi besi memiliki kadar besi lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok normal. Kelompok deferiprone, mangferin, dan PM1 memiliki kadar besi cenderung lebih tinggi daripada kelompok negatif, sedangkan kadar besi PM2 cenderung lebih rendah. Kelompok PM2 menurunkan kadar besi lebih besar daripada PM1, mangiferin, dan deferiprone.

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Iron overload can happen due to repeated transfusion and increased iron absorption in thalassemia patients. Thalassemia can cause splenomegaly and hypersplenism, while iron overload causes DNA’s damage and oxidative stress. Mangiferin from Phaleria macrocarpa’s fruit has potential as iron chelator and antioxidant. This study intends to evaluate ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa’s fruit in reducing iron value in spleen from iron overloaded rats. A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were sorted into normal group, negative control, deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBW, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBW, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBW (PM1), and Phaleria macrocarpa 200 mg/kgBW (PM2). Every group, except normal, was administered with iron sucrose 15 mg twice a week through intraperitoneal. At week 7th, spleen organs were taken to create homogenates. Homogenates were reacted with HNO3 and perchlorate acid, then added with aquades and filtered before iron levels were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Iron levels were inputted in the formula and analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis. All induced groups have higher iron levels compared to the normal group. Deferiprone, mangiferin, and PM1 tended to have higher iron levels compared to negative control, while iron levels of PM2 tended to be lower. PM2 group reduced iron levels more than PM1, mangiferin, and deferiprone."

"Latar belakang: Hemosiderosis menjadi masalah utama bagi pasien thalassemia yang menerima transfusi darah karena dapat menyebabkan kerusakan organ seperti hati. Obat-obat yang tersedia memiliki banyak efek samping. Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) mengandung mangiferin yang berpotensi menjadi alternatif agen kelasi besi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efek agen kelasi besi ekstrak buah Mahkota Dewa dibandingkan dengan deferiprone dan mangiferin pada organ hati model tikus hemosiderosis melalui pengujian aktivitas enzim katalase dan kadar glutation.Metode: Sampel penelitian adalah organ hati yang berasal dari 6 kelompok tikus Sprague-Dawley yaitu 1 kelompok normal dan 5 kelompok yang telah diberikan injeksi iron dextran 15 mg/kali intraperitoneal 2x seminggu selama 8 minggu yaitu kelompok besi berlebih, kelompok terapi deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBB, kelompok mangiferin 50 mg/KgBB, dan kelompok terapi ekstrak etanol buah Mahkota Dewa dosis 100 dan 200 mg/kgBB. Aktivitas katalase dan kadar glutation diukur menggunakan metode ELISA.Hasil: Pemberian terapi ekstrak buah Mahkota Dewa dosis 100 dan 200 mg/kgBB tidak menghasilkan perbedaan yang bermakna pada aktivitas katalase hati dan kadar glutation jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal dan kelompok mangiferin. Namun demikian, aktivitas katalase dan kadar glutation hati kelompok ekstrak buah Mahkota Dewa memiliki kecenderungan nilai rerata yang serupa dengan kelompok mangiferin murni. Kadar glutation kelompok terapi ekstrak Mahkota Dewa berbeda signifikan dengan deferiprone.Kesimpulan: Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah Mahkota Dewa dosis 100 mg maupun 200 mg/kg BB tidak menurunkan aktivitas katalase dan kadar glutation namun terlihat cenderung memberikan efek seperti pemberian mangiferin.

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Introduction: Hemosiderosis has become a major problem in thalassemia patients receiving blood transfusion, frequently damaging organs including liver. Standardized therapy available still possess many side effects. Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) contains mangiferin which has potentials as iron chelator alternative. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the iron-chelating effect of Mahkota Dewa in hemosiderosis model rats compared to deferiprone and mangiferin by assessing catalase activity and glutathione level.

Method: Preserved Sprague-Dawley rat liver used as samples in this study consist of 6 groups, 1 of which are normal and 5 of which were injected with iron dextran 15 mg/time intraperitoneally 2x a week within 8 weeks liver organ is used, including iron overload group, deferiprone 462,5 mg/KgBW therapy group, mangiferin 50 mg/KgBW group, and ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa 100 and 200 mg/kgBW dose groups. Catalase activity and glutathione level were assessed using ELISA method.

Result: Administration of Mahkota Dewa dose 100 and 200 mg/kgBW extract did not produce statistically significant difference compared to normal and mangiferin groups. However, liver catalase activity and glutathione level of Mahkota Dewa dose 100 and 200 mg/kgBW therapy groups show similar mean compared to mangiferin groups. Glutathione level of Mahkota Dewa dose 100 and 200 mg/kgBW therapy groups were found to be significantly different from deferiprone.

Conclusion: Administration of ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa dose 100 and 200 mg/kgBW do not lower the catalase activity and glutathione level but tend to give an effect similar to as caused by mangiferin."

"Mitokondria merupakan organel yang memetabolisme besi secara ekstensif, sehingga menjadi target kerusakan yang diinduksi besi pada kondisi hemosiderosis. Produksi reactive oxygen species (ROS) yang tinggi di mitokondria dapat lebih meningkat saat ada besi bebas yang kemudian memicu reaksi Fenton. Produksi ROS yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan stres oksidatif, sehingga regulasi konsentrasi besi harus diatur dengan ketat. Phaleria macrocarpa diketahui mengandung senyawa aktif mangiferin yang telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas kelasi besi, namun belum diketahui apakah dapat bekerja di mitokondria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa dalam melindungi mitokondria hati dari kerusakan akibat besi dan kaitannya dengan transporter influks dan efluks besi di hati tikus model hemosiderosis. Penelitian ini menggunakan organ hati tersimpan dari tikus Sprague-Dawleyjantan sebanyak 30 ekor yang dibagi secara acak ke dalam 6 kelompok, yaitu normal (N) dan kelompok hemosiderosis tanpa terapi (Fe), diterapi deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBB (Fe+DFP), mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB (Fe+M), serta ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa dosis 100 mg/kgBB (Fe+PM100) dan 200 mg/kgBB (Fe+PM200). Dilakukan analisis kadar MnSOD, copy number mtDNA, dan analisis ekspresi mRNA DMT1, ZIP14, MFRN1, MFRN2, ABCB7, dan ABCB8 yang dilaporkan berperan dalam transpor besi ke dalam sel dan mitokondria. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak Phaleria macrocarpa memengaruhi ekspresi gen transporter besi namun tidak dapat memperbaiki penanda kerusakan mitokondria pada organ hati hemosiderosis.

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Mitochondria are organelles that metabolize iron extensively, making them targets for iron-induced damage. The high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria can be further increased when there is free iron which then triggers the Fenton reaction. High ROS production can cause oxidative stress, so iron concentration regulation must be strictly regulated. Phaleria macrocarpa is known to contain the active compound mangiferin which has been shown to have iron chelation activity, but it is not yet known whether it can work in mitochondria. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit in protecting liver mitochondria from iron-induced damage and its relation to iron influx and efflux transporters in the liver of hemosiderosis rat models. This study used stored liver organs from 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats which were randomly divided into 6 groups, namely normal (N) and hemosiderosis groups without therapy (Fe), treated with deferiprone 462.5 mg/kgBW (Fe+DFP), mangiferin 50 mg/kgBW (Fe+M), and Phaleria macrocarpa fruit ethanolic extract at a dose of 100 mg/kgBW (Fe+PM100) and 200 mg/kgBW (Fe+PM200). Analysis of MnSOD levels, mtDNA copy number, and analysis of relative mRNA expression of DMT1, ZIP14, MFRN1, MFRN2, ABCB7, and ABCB8 were performed which were reported to play a role in iron transport into cells and mitochondria. The results showed that Phaleria macrocarpa extract has the potential to modulate the expression of iron transporter genes but was not able to ameliorate the mitochondrial damage marker in hemosiderosis liver."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Mangiferin diketahui memiliki aktivitas sebagai agen pengikat besi, namun pemberian mangiferin melalui oral memiliki bioavailabilitas yang rendah. Sistem hantaran dengan nanopartikel diharapkan dapat meningkatkan bioavailabilitas dan efektivitas mangiferin. Penelitian bertujuan menguji efektivitas mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dalam menurunkan kadar besi di plasma dan organ, kadar ferritin, transferrin, SGOT dan SGPT. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan desain eksperimental in vivo dengan hewan coba tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi dalam 5 kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal, kelebihan besi, terapi mangiferin 50 mg/KgBB, terapi mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosanalginat 25 mg/KgBB, dan terapi mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat 50 mg/KgBB. Pengukuran kadar Fe plasma, hati dan jantung, kadar Ferritin, kadar Transferrin, dan nilai aktivitas SGPT dan SGOT. Hasil: Kadar besi plasma, besi hati dan jantung, ferritin, dan transferrin pada kelompok kelebihan besi adalah 45,52 mg/L; 3661,98 μg/gram; 1734,4 μg/gram; 3578,16 ng/mL; 388,96 μg/dL, sedangkan pemberian terapi mangiferin 50 mg/KgBB (p < 0,05) menghasilkan 5,17 mg/L; 1572,96 μg/gram; 776,68 μg/gram; 1136,51 ng/mL; 272,18 μg/dL, pemberian terapi mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat 25 mg/KgBB (p < 0,05) menghasilkan 5,74 mg/L; 1090,01 μg/gram; 753,90 μg/gram; 520,89 ng/mL; 231,97 μg/dL, pemberian terapi mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat 50 mg/KgBB (p < 0,05) menghasilkan 3,34 mg/L; 1703,92 μg/gram; 759,2 μg/gram; 559,48 ng/mL; 235,70 μg/dL. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok terhadap nilai aktivitas SGOT dan SGPT Kesimpulan: Mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat efektif menurunkan kadar besi, ferritin, transferrin plasma, dan kadar besi di organ hati dan jantung, namun tidak menurunkan nilai aktivitas SGOT dan SGPT. Efektivitas mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat tidak berbanding lurus dengan dosis.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Mangiferin was known to have activity as an iron-chelating agent, but oral administration of mangiferin has poor bioavailability. Nanoparticles delivery system is expected to increase bioavailability and effectiveness of mangiferin. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of mangiferin in chitosanalginate nanoparticles in reducing iron levels in plasma and organs, ferritin, transferrin, SGOT and SGPT activities. Methods: This is an in vivo experimental study using Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into 5 groups, normal, iron overload, mangiferin 50mg/KgBW, mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles 25mg/KgBW, and mangiferin in chitosanalginate nanoparticles 50mg/KgBW. Fe levels were measured in plasma, liver and heart. In addition ferritin levels, transferrin levels, and SGPT and SGOT activities also measure at day 29th. Results: Plasma iron levels, liver and heart iron levels, ferritin, and transferrin in the iron overload group were 45.52 mg/L; 3661.98 μg/gram; 1734.4 μg/gram; 3578.16 ng/mL; 388.96 μg/dL, treatment with mangiferin 50 mg/KgBW (p < 0.05) reduced those parameters to 5.17 mg/L; 1572.96 μg/gram; 776.68 μg/gram; 1136.51 ng/mL; 272.18 μg/dL, treatment with mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles 25 mg/KgBW (p < 0.05) reduced those parameters 5.74 mg/L; 1090.01 μg/gram; 753.90 μg/gram; 520.89 ng/mL; 231.97 μg/dL, treatment with mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles 50 mg/KgBW (p < 0.05) reduced those parameters 3.34 mg/L; 1703.92 μg/gram; 759.2 μg/gram; 559.48 ng/mL; 235.70 μg/dL. There is no significant difference in SGOT and SGPT activities. Conclusions: Mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles was effective in preventing the increase of iron, ferritin, transferrin plasma levels, and iron levels in the liver and heart, but not prevent the increasing of SGOT and SGPT. The effectiveness of mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles is not directly proportional to the dose."

"Iron overload (IO) akibat transfusi darah jangka panjang pada penderita talasemia dapat berdampak fatal pada berbagai organ, termasuk pankreas. Akumulasi besi bebas serta kerusakan akibat stress oksidatif dapat menyebabkan resistensi insulin dan disfungsi sel β pankreas. Tanaman Phaleria macrocarpa yang mengandung mangiferin berpotensi sebagai agen pengkelat besi dan antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa terhadap kadar besi organ pankreas pada tikus model hemosiderosis. Sejumlah 30 ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi menjadi kelompok normal, deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBB, kontrol negatif (IO), mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB dan 200 mg/kgBB. Injeksi intraperitoneal iron sucrose (15 mg) diberikan 2x seminggu selama 7 minggu untuk seluruh kelompok kecuali normal. Setelah pemberian terapi secara oral selama 4 minggu terakhir, kadar besi diukur dengan Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Dosis total induksi besi 240 mg selama 7 minggu pada tikus model IO secara signifikan (p < 0,05) meningkatkan kadar besi pankreas sebesar 6 kali dibanding normal. Ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa dosis 100 dan 200 mg/kgBB cenderung menurunkan kadar besi organ pankreas pada tikus. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p < 0,05) antara kadar besi pankreas pada PM1 dan PM2. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara kadar besi pankreas pada PM2 dengan normal.

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Iron overload due to long-term blood transfusion in thalassemia patients can cause fatal impacts on various organs, including the pancreas. Insulin resistance and pancreatic cell dysfunction may result from the accumulation of free iron and oxidative stress damage. Phaleria macrocarpa plants, which contain mangiferin, have potential as iron chelating agents and antioxidants. This study aimed to analyze the effect of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit ethanol extract on pancreatic iron levels in hemosiderosis model rats. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal, deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBB, negative control, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, and Phaleria macrocarpa extract at 100 and 200 mg/kgBB. 15 mg of iron sucrose was injected intraperitoneally twice a week for 7 weeks into all groups except normal. The iron level in the rat pancreas was assessed using AAS after 4 weeks of oral therapy. The total dose of 240 mg iron induction for 7 weeks in IO model rats significantly (p < 0,05) increased iron level 6x compared to normal. Phaleria macrocarpa ethanol extract at 100 and 200 mg/kgBB doses tended to decrease pancreatic iron level in rats. The difference in pancreatic iron level between PM1 and PM2 is significant (p < 0,05). PM2 and normal don't have significantly different pancreatic iron level."

"Iron overload disebabkan oleh transfusi darah jangka panjang pada penderita hemoglobinopati. Iron overload menyebabkan stress oksidatif yang meningkatkan produksi malondialdehid (MDA) yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit paru obstruktif kronis. Mangiferin yang terkandung dalam buah Phaleria macrocarpa memiliki potensi sebagai kelator besi dan antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa dalam menurunkan kadar MDA paru tikus Sprague-Dawley. Sebanyak 30 tikus Sprague-Dawley menjadi kelompok normal, kontrol negatif, deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBB, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB (PM1) dan 200 mg/kgBB (PM2). Besi dekstran 15 mg diberikan dua kali seminggu secara intraperitoneal pada semua kelompok kecuali normal. Pada minggu ke-7, organ paru sampel diambil untuk dibuatkan homogenat. Homogenat direaksikan dengan TBA dan TCA untuk mengukur kadar MDA dan direaksikan dengan reagen Bradford untuk mengukur protein jaringan yang kemudian diukur dengan spektrofotometer. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah kadar MDA dibagi dengan protein jaringan dan kemudian dilakukan analisis dengan One-Way ANOVA. Kadar MDA paru pada seluruh kelompok yang diinduksi besi cenderung meningkat dibandingkan normal. Kadar MDA pada kelompok PM1 dan mangiferin lebih rendah (p < 0,05) dari deferiprone, sedangkan PM2 dan deferiprone cenderung lebih tinggi dari kontrol negatif. Kelompok PM1 menurunkan kadar MDA lebih baik dibandingkan PM2 dan deferiprone.

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Iron overload is caused by long-term blood transfusion in hemoglobinopathies patients. Iron overload causes oxidative stress that increases malondialdehyde (MDA) production, which cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mangiferin contained in Phaleria macrocarpa fruit have potential as iron chelator and antioxidant. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit ethanol extract in reducing lung MDA levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal group, negative control, deferiprone 462.5 mg/kgBW, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBW, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBW (PM1) and 200 mg/kgBW (PM2). Iron dextran 15 mg was administered intraperitoneally twice a week in all groups except normal. At week 7, lung organs samples were taken to make homogenates. Homogenates were reacted with TBA and TCA to measure MDA levels and reacted with Bradford's reagent to measure tissue protein which was measured by spectrophotometer. Results obtained were MDA levels divided by tissue protein and then analyzed using One-Way ANOVA. Lung MDA levels in all iron-induced groups tended to increase compared to normal. MDA levels in the PM1 and mangiferin were lower (p < 0.05) than deferiprone, while PM2 and deferiprone tended to be higher than negative controls. PM1 group reduced MDA levels better than PM2 and deferiprone."

"Latar belakang: Kondisi penumpukan zat besi di tubuh sering terjadi pada pasien talasemia yang bergantung pada transfusi darah. Kelebihan zat besi dapat memicu terbentuknya reactive oxygen species (ROS) sehingga terjadi disfungsi organ. Limpa adalah salah satu organ yang terdampak dan dapat terjadi splenomegali yang dapat berujung pada splenektomi. Terapi kelasi besi diperlukan untuk mengurangi akumulasi zat besi. Mangiferin memiliki properti antioksidan sehingga dianggap dapat menjadi obat alternatif terapi kelasi. Namun, rendahnya bioavailibilitas mangiferin menghambat pengembangan dan aplikasi klinisnya. Penghantaran obat menggunakan nano-carrier menjadi salah satu pilihan untuk memperbaiki bioavailibilitas mangiferin. Penelitian ini menganalisis kadar mangiferin biasa dibandingkan mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat pada limpa tikus Sprague-Dawley. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan data dari tiga kelompok homogenat organ limpa tikus Sprague-Dawley tersimpan yang diinduksi kelebihan besi. Kelompok dibagi menjadi limpa yang diberi mangiferin konvensional dosis 50 mg/kgBB, mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 50 mg/kgBB, serta mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 25 mg/kgBB. Kadar mangiferin pada limpa diukur menggunakan HPLC. Hasil: Kadar rata-rata mangiferin pada organ limpa tikus Sprague-Dawley (ng/g jaringan) pada kelompok M50K (686,1±168,55), kelompok M50NP (924,6±253,63), dan kelompok M25NP (683,75±240,52). Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada ketiga kelomok tersebut. Kesimpulan: Pemberian mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat tidak meningkatkan kadar mangiferin pada limpa tikus Sprague-Dawley dibandingkan dengan pemberian mangiferin konvensional dan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kadar mangiferin pada pemberian mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 50 mg/kgBB dibanding dosis 25 mg/kgBB.

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Introduction: Iron overload in the body often occur in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients. This condition can trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in organ dysfunction. Spleen is one of the organs affected and it can lead to splenomegaly which leads to splenectomy. Iron chelation therapy is required to reduce iron accumulation. Mangiferin has antioxidant properties, therefore, it is considered as an alternative medicine for iron chelation therapy. However, the low bioavailability restricts the development and clinical application of mangiferin. Drug delivery using nano-carriers is an option to increase the bioavailability of mangiferin. This study analyzed the levels of conventional mangiferin compared to mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles in the spleen of Sprague-Dawley rats. Method: This study used data from three groups of spleen organ homogenate storage of Sprague-Dawley rats induced by iron overload. The groups were divided into spleens which were given conventional mangiferin 50 mg/kgBW, mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles 50 mg/kgBW, and mangifeirn in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles 25 mg/kgBW. Spleen mangiferin levels were measured using HPLC. Result: The mean level of mangiferin in the spleen organs of Sprague-Dawley rats (ng/g tissue) in the M50K group (686,1±168,55), M50NP group (924,6±253,63), and M25NP group (683,75±240,52). There was no significant difference in the three groups. Conclusion: Administration of mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles did not increase the spleen mangiferin levels in Sprague-Dawley rats compared to conventional mangiferin and there was no significant difference between mangiferin levels in spleen after the administration of mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticles between doses of 50 mg/kgBW and 25 mg/kgBW."

"Latar Belakang Besi berlebih dapat meningkatkan stress oksidatif dan merusak jantung. Salah satu marker yang digunakan dalam mendeteksi stress oksidatif adalah malondialdehid (MDA). Buah Phaleria macrocarpa L mengandung mangiferin yang bermanfaat sebagai kelator besi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa L dalam menurunkan kadar MDA pada jantung tikus yang diberi besi berlebih. Metode 30 tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi ke dalam 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal, kontrol negatif, deferiprone 462,5mg/kgBB, mangiferin 50mg/kgBB, ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa L 100mg/kgBB dan 200mg/kgBB. Setiap kelompok perlakuan kecuali kelompok normal diberi besi intraperitoneal sebanyak 3x/minggu, dosis 15mg/kali selama 8 minggu. Terapi diberikan mulai minggu ke 4, pada minggu ke-8, jantung diambil, dijadikan homogenat untuk pengukuran kadar MDA menggunakan spektrofotometer. Analisis statistic menggunakan Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil Kontrol negatif mengalami peningkatan kadar MDA yang signifikan dibandingkan kelompok normal. Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa L 100mg/kgBB dan 200mg/kgBB berhasil menurunkan kadar MDA dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif. Kadar MDA dosis 100mg/kgBB (0,06±0,02nmol/mg organ) dan dosis 200mg/kgBB (0,13±0,01nmol/mg organ), lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (0,22±0,05nmol/mg organ). Kesimpulan Pemberian ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa L 100mg/kgBB dan 200 mg/kgBB dapat menurunkan kadar MDA organ jantung tikus Sprague-Dawley.

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Introduction Iron overload can increase oxidative stress and cause heart failures. One of the markers used in detecting oxidative stress is malondialdehyde (MDA). Phaleria macrocarpa L fruit contains mangiferin which is useful as iron chelator. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa L fruit in reducing MDA levels in heart of rats induced by iron overload. Method 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups, namely normal group, negative control, deferiprone 462,5mg/kgBW, mangiferin 50mg/kgBW, ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa L 100mg/kgBW and 200mg/kgBW. Each treatment group other was given intraperitoneal iron injections 3 times/week, 15mg/time for 8 weeks. At week- 8, heart was taken to be used as homogenate and followed by measuring protein levels using Bradfort test. MDA levels were measured with TBA solution using 530nm spectrophotometer, then absorbance results were divided by the protein levels of the heart. Then analysis was carried out using Kruskal-Wallis. Results The negative control group experienced significant increase in MDA levels compared to the normal group. Administration of extract ethanol of Phaleria macrocarpa L fruit 100mg/kgBW and 200mg/kgBW was successful in reducing MDA levels compared to the negative control. MDA level in dose of 100mg/kgBW (0.06±0.02nmol/mg organ), 200mg/kgBW (0.13±0.01nmol/mg organ), lower than the negative control (0.22±0.05nmol/mg organ). Conclusion Administration of ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa L fruit 100mg/kgBW can reduce MDA levels in the heart organs of Sprague-Dawley rats."

"Iron overload adalah kondisi besi berlebih yang disebabkan oleh transfusi darah berkepanjangan. Iron overload dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya radikal bebas dan stres oksidatif, sehingga dapat menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan pada organ paru. Buah mahkota dewa yang mengandung mangiferin, diketahui berpotensi menjadi agen pengkelat besi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak buah mahkota dewa sebagai agen pengkelat besi pada organ paru-paru tikus dengan kelebihan besi. Tikus Sprague-dawley jantan akan dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, kelompok normal, kontrol negatif, deferipron 462,5 mg/kgBB, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB, dan Phaleria macrocarpa 200 mg/kgBB. Iron sucrose diberikan kepada semua kelompok kecuali kelompok normal sebanyak 15 mg sebanyak 2 kali seminggu secara intraperitoneal hingga minggu ke-7, kemudian dilarutkan dalam larutan asam perklorat, larutan HNO3, dan aquades. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah semua kelompok yang diinduksi besi, kecuali Phaleria macrocarpa 200 mg/kgBB cenderung menurunkan kadar besi, meskipun tidak signifikan. Kadar besi pada kelompok PM 1 lebih rendah dari kelompok deferipron dan mangiferin, sedangkan kelompok PM2 lebih tinggi dari kelompok kontrol negatif. Kelompok PM1 menurunkan kadar besi lebih baik dibandingkan PM2, mangiferin, dan deferipron

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Iron overload is a condition of excess iron caused by prolonged blood transfusions. Iron overload can cause the formation of free radicals and oxidative stress, which can cause tissue damage to the lungs. Mahkota dewa which contains mangiferin, is known to have the potential to be an iron chelating agent. This study aims to determine the effect of Mahkota Dewa fruit extract as an iron chelating agent in the lungs of rats with excess iron. Male Sprague-Dawley rats will be divided into 6 groups, normal group, negative control, deferipron 462.5 mg/kgBB, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB, and Phaleria macrocarpa 200 mg/kgBB. Iron sucrose was given to all groups except the normal group as much as 15 mg 2 times a week intraperitoneally until the 7th week, then dissolved in perchloric acid solution, HNO3 solution, and distilled water. The results obtained were that all groups induced by iron, except Phaleria macrocarpa 200 mg/kg, tended to decrease iron levels, although not significantly. Iron levels in the PM1 group were lower than the deferipron and mangiferin groups, while the PM2 group was higher than the negative control group. The PM1 group reduced iron levels better than PM2, mangiferin, and deferipron"