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"TB Paru merupakan penyakit infeksius yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis yang menyerang paru-paru. TB Paru dapat menyebabkan kematian apabila tidak diobati dengan benar. Gejala klinis yang dialami pada TB Paru adalah batuk berdahak, batuk berdarah, sesak napas, demam, keringat malam hari, penurunan nafsu makan, dan penurunan berat badan. Salah satu masalah yang sering dialami penderita TB Paru adalah bersihan jalan napas tidak efektif karena sulitnya pengeluaran sputum yang berlebih dan sesak napas. Intervensi yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah posisi semi-fowler dan latihan active cycle of breathing technique. Posisi semi-fowler dapat mengurangi sesak napas karena memfasilitasi ekspansi paru-paru lebih maksimal. Hasil penerapan intervensi posisi semi-fowler pada pasien dapat mengurangi keluhan sesak napas, penurunan frekuensi pernapasan, dan saturasi oksigen meningkat. Latihan active cycle of breathing technique dapat membantu mengeluarkan sputum menjadi lebih mudah. Hasil penerapan latihan active cycle of breathing technique pada pasien dapat mengeluarkan sputum dengan mudah, menurunkan konsistensi sputum, menurunkan sesak napas, menurunkan frekuensi pernapasan, dan meningkatkan saturasi oksigen.

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Pulmonary TB is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that attacks the lungs. Pulmonary TB can cause death if not treated properly. Symptoms experienced in pulmonary TB are coughing up sputum, hemaptoe, shortness of breath, fever, night sweats, decreased appetite, and weight loss. One of the problems often experienced by patients with pulmonary TB is ineffective airway clearance because of the difficulty of removing excessive phlegm and shortness of breath. Interventions that can be done to overcome these problems are semi-Fowler's position and active cycle breathing techniques. The semi-Fowler's position can reduce maximal shortness of breath because it facilitates more lung expansion.

The results of applying for the semi-Fowler position so the patient can reduce complaints of shortness of breath, decrease respiratory rate, and increase oxygen saturation. Active cycle breathing techniques can help expel sputum more easily. The results of the application of active cycle breathing techniques in patients can expel sputum easily, reduce sputum consistency, reduce shortness of breath, decrease the respiratory frequency, and increase oxygen saturation."

"Pneumonia masih menjadi salah satu penyebab terbesar kematian anak di dunia. Salah satu masalah khas yang muncul pada pneumonia adalah ketidakefektifan bersihan jalan napas karena produksi sekret berlebih yang tertahan dan menghalangi jalan napas. Kondisi ini dapat menganggu kemampuan oksigenasi dan ventilasi pasien terutama pada pasien anak yang belum mampu untuk batuk efektif, sehingga dibutuhkan tindakan khusus untuk mengeluarkan sekret tersebut. Karya ilmiah itu bertujuan untuk menganalisis keefektifan pemberian intervensi keperawatan postural drainage pada anak dengan pneumonia. Pasien adalah Anak Z berjenis kelamin laki-laki dan berusia 1 tahun 4 bulan. Pasien masuk dengan keluhan sesak napas memberat disertai suara napas tambahan. Hasil yang didapatkan berupa pada anak pneumonia yang diberikan intervensi postural drainage perbaikan status pernapasannya lebih baik daripada anak yang tidak dilakukan intervensi keperawatan postural drainage. Salah satu indikasi status perubahan pada anak terdiri dari frekuensi napas dalam rentang normal (kurang dari 40x/menit), tidak ada retraksi dinding dada, tidak ada pernapasan cuping hidung, serta suara napas normal (vesikuler). Hal ini didukung dengan hasil rontgen toraks yang menunjukkan tidak ada infiltrasi pada lapang paru. Hasil karya ilmiah ini diharapkan dapat menjadi informasi bagi tenaga kesehatan untuk menerapkan postural drainage pada lahan praktik rumah sakit dalam meningkatkan bersihan jalan napas pada anak dengan pneumonia.

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Pneumonia is still one of the biggest causes of child death in the world. One typical problem that arises in pneumonia is the ineffectiveness of airway clearance due to excessive secretion of the retained and obstructing the airway. This condition will disrupt the ability of oxygenation and ventilation of patients, especially in pediatric patients who have not been able to cough effectively. Special measures are needed to remove the secretion The action that can be done is postural drainage. The scientific work aims to analyze the effectiveness of providing postural drainage nursing interventions in children with pneumonia. Patients are An. Z, 1 year 4 months old. The patient comes to the hospital with heavy breathing difficulties with additional breath sounds.

The results obtained in the form of pneumonia children who were given postural drainage interventions improved respiratory status better than children who did not do postural drainage nursing interventions. One indication of status changes in children consists of breathing frequency in the normal range (less than 40x / min), no retraction of the chest wall, no nasal lobe breathing, and normal (vesicular) breathing sounds. This is supported by the results of chest X-rays that are showed no infiltration in the lung fields. The results of this scientific work are expected to be used as information on health workers to effectively implement postural drainage in hospital practice areas to improve airway clearance in children with pneumonia."

"Tuberkulosis paru dapat menyebabkan perubahan permeabilitas lapisan pleura akibat aktivitas inflamasi mycobacterium tuberculosis sehingga terjadinya akumulasi cairan di rongga pleura dan mengganggu pengembangan paruparu. Karakteristik efusi pleura ditemukan sebanyak 87% dari 119 kasus efusi pleura disebabkan oleh penyakit pada rongga toraks (lokal) seperti TB. Sesak napas manifestasi klinis paling umum namun sering melemahkan dan secara signifikan mengganggu kualitas hidup. Latihan napas dapat menjadi salah satu intervensi keperawatan mandiri untuk mengurangi sesak napas. Karya ilmiah akhir ners ini akan menganalisis asuhan keperawatan pasien Ny AA (46 tahun) dengan masalah keperawatan pola napas tidak efektif dengan intervensi latihan napas Bubble Positive Expiratory Pressure. Cara kerja Bubble Positive Expiratory Pressure membuat gelembung dalam air diharapkan membuat tekanan positif yang menahan saluran udara dan membantu lebih banyak udara masuk dan keluar dari paru-paru. Trend perubahan fungsi pernapasan setelah melakukan Bubble Positive Expiratory Pressure dapat terlihat dengan sesak napas dari skala 7/10 menjadi 4/10, frekuensi napas dari 24x/menit menjadi 20x/menit, adanya penggunaan otot bantu napas menjadi minimal, dan tipe pernapasan dari nasal kanul 5 liter/menit dengan Spo2 96% menjadi room air dengan Spo2 98%. Latihan napas Bubble Positive Expiratory Pressure dapat menjadi intervensi keperawatan mandiri yang dapat dilakukan pada pasien dengan masalah paru-paru.

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Pulmonary tuberculosis can cause changes in the permeability of the pleural layer due to the inflammatory activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity and disrupting lung development. Characteristics of pleural effusion found as much as 87% of 119 cases of pleural effusion caused by diseases of the thoracic cavity (local) such as TB. Shortness of breath is the most common clinical manifestation but is often debilitating and significantly impairs quality of life. Breathing exercises can be one of the independent nursing interventions to reduce shortness of breath. This final scientific paper will analyze the nursing care of the patient Mrs. AA (46 years) with nursing problems with ineffective breathing patterns with Bubble Positive Expiratory Pressure breathing exercises. How Bubble Positive Expiratory Pressure works by creating bubbles in the water is expected to create positive pressure that holds the airways and helps more air in and out of the lungs. The trend of changes in respiratory function after doing Bubble Positive Expiratory Pressure can be seen with shortness of breath from a scale of 7/10 to 4/10, respiratory rate from 24x/minute to 20x/minute, minimal use of accessory muscles, and type of breathing from nasal cannul 5 liters/minute with oxygen saturation 96% to room air with oxygen saturation 98%. Bubble Positive Expiratory Pressure breathing exercises can be an independent nursing intervention that can be done in patients with lung problems."

"ABSTRAK Kasus HIV/AIDS dan tuberkulosis banyak diderita masyarakat perkotaan.Penyakit pada masyarakat perkotaan berkaitan dengan karakteristik lingkungandan gaya hidup masyarakat perkotaan. Kasus HIV biasanya disertai denganberbagai infeksi oportunistik. Infeksi opportunistik yang paling banyak ditemukanadalah tuberkulosis, diikuti dengan kandidiasis oral, dan diare. Masalahkeperawatan utama pada pasien dengan tuberkulosis adalah ketidakefektifanbersihan jalan napas berhubungan dengan retensi sputum. Penulisan karya ilmiahakhir ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis intervensi mandiri keperawatan berupakombinasi antara anjuran minum air putih hangat, postural drainase, dan batukefektif untuk mengatasi masalah bersihan jalan napas tidak efektif. Intervensidilakukan pada pasien HIV/AIDS dengan tuberculosis di ruang rawat penyakitdalam RSCM. Hasil dan evaluasi dari intervensi yang dilakukan yaituberkurangnya penumpukan sputum pada jalan napas pasien, sehingga pasien tidakmerasakan sesak seperti sebelumnya dan bisa bernapas lebih lega. Perawatdiharapkan dapat melakukan intervensi mandiri keperawatan berupa kombinasiantara anjuran minum air putih hangat, postural drainase, dan batuk efektiftersebut untuk membantu memperbaiki status pernapasan pasien.ABSTRACT Cases of HIV / AIDS and tuberculosis affects many urban communities. Diseases

in urban communities are related to environment and lifestyle characteristics of

urban communities. HIV cases are usually accompanied by a variety of

opportunistic infections. The most common opportunistic infections is

tuberculosis, followed by oral candidiasis and diarrhea. The main nursing

problems in patients with tuberculosis is the ineffectiveness of airway clearance

related to the retention of sputum. This final scientific thesis aims to analyze the

independent nursing intervention in the form of a combination of the

recommendation to drink warm water, postural drainage, and cough effectively to

address the problem of ineffective airway clearance. The intervention was

conducted in HIV/AIDS patient with tuberculosis in medical ward RSCM. The

result of interventions was reduced sputum buildup in the airway of the patient, so

the patient did not feel crowded as before and could breathe more easily. Nurses

are expected to conduct independent nursing interventions in the form of a

combination of the recommendation to drink warm water, postural drainage and

effective coughing to help improve patient's respiratory status. ;Cases of HIV / AIDS and tuberculosis affects many urban communities. Diseases

in urban communities are related to environment and lifestyle characteristics of

urban communities. HIV cases are usually accompanied by a variety of

opportunistic infections. The most common opportunistic infections is

tuberculosis, followed by oral candidiasis and diarrhea. The main nursing

problems in patients with tuberculosis is the ineffectiveness of airway clearance

related to the retention of sputum. This final scientific thesis aims to analyze the

independent nursing intervention in the form of a combination of the

recommendation to drink warm water, postural drainage, and cough effectively to

address the problem of ineffective airway clearance. The intervention was

conducted in HIV/AIDS patient with tuberculosis in medical ward RSCM. The

result of interventions was reduced sputum buildup in the airway of the patient, so

the patient did not feel crowded as before and could breathe more easily. Nurses

are expected to conduct independent nursing interventions in the form of a

combination of the recommendation to drink warm water, postural drainage and

effective coughing to help improve patient's respiratory status. ;Cases of HIV / AIDS and tuberculosis affects many urban communities. Diseases

in urban communities are related to environment and lifestyle characteristics of

urban communities. HIV cases are usually accompanied by a variety of

opportunistic infections. The most common opportunistic infections is

tuberculosis, followed by oral candidiasis and diarrhea. The main nursing

problems in patients with tuberculosis is the ineffectiveness of airway clearance

related to the retention of sputum. This final scientific thesis aims to analyze the

independent nursing intervention in the form of a combination of the

recommendation to drink warm water, postural drainage, and cough effectively to

address the problem of ineffective airway clearance. The intervention was

conducted in HIV/AIDS patient with tuberculosis in medical ward RSCM. The

result of interventions was reduced sputum buildup in the airway of the patient, so

the patient did not feel crowded as before and could breathe more easily. Nurses

are expected to conduct independent nursing interventions in the form of a

combination of the recommendation to drink warm water, postural drainage and

effective coughing to help improve patient's respiratory status. "