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"Latar Belakang: Kegagalan perawatan saluran akar dapat terjadi walaupun perawatan saluran akar mempunyai tingkat keberhasilan yang tinggi. Salah satu pilihan perawatan untuk kasus kegagalan adalah perawatan non bedah. Pembuangan bahan pengisi saluran akar merupakan faktor penting yang menentukan keberhasilan perawatan saluran akar ulang.  Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kebersihan pembuangan bahan pengisi dengan menggunakan instrumen putar tenaga mesin yang bergerak rotasi kontinu (ProTaper Universal Retreatment System [Dentsply Maillefer]) dan resiprokal (Reciproc® Blue [VDW,Munich]). Metode: 42 premolar rahang bawah pasca pengisian saluran akar dibagi 2 kelompok (n = 21): kelompok 1: R25 (sistem resiprok). kelompok 2: ProTaper Universal Retreatment System (sistem rotasi kontinu). Sampel dipindai dengan Micro Computed Tomography,data direkonstruksi dan dianalisis dengan perangkat lunak CTAnalyser (Bruker). Dihitung volume sisa bahan pengisi. Hasil yang didapat dibandingkan dengan uji Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). Hasil : Masih terdapat bahan pengisi pada seluruh sampel. Secara statistik, terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada volume sisa bahan pengisi dari kedua kelompok. Kesimpulan : Instrumen gerak resiprokal membuang lebih banyak bahan pengisi dari saluran akar terutama area 1/3 apikal  dibandingkan instrumen gerak rotasi kontinu.

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Background: Despite having a high success rate, failure in endodontic treatment can still occur. One of the treatment options for failure cases is non surgical retreatment. Maximum removal of root canal filling material is essential for successful endodontic retreatment. Objective: To analyze the difference in cleaning of root canal filling by using continuous rotary motion (ProTaper Universal Retreatment System) and reciprocating motion (Reciproc® Blue [VDW, Munich]). Methodolgy: 42 mandibular premolars post-endodontic treatment divided into 2 groups (n = 21): group 1: R25 (reciprocating system). group 2: ProTaper Universal Retreatment System (continuous rotary system). Samples were scanned with Micro Computed Tomography, data reconstructed and analyzed by CTAnalyser (Bruker). Volume of residual filling material were calculated. The results were compared with Mann-Whitney test (p <0.05). Results: All teeth examined had filling remnants within the canal. Statistically, there were significant differences in residual volume of filling material from both groups. Conclusion: The reciprocal motion instrument removes more filling material from the root canal, especially at the 1/3 apical area than the continuous rotary motion instrument."

"Latar Belakang: Ketika perawatan saluran akar gagal, perawatan ulang saluran akar nonbedah, sedapat mungkin, adalah pilihan klinis pertama. Material pengisi saluran akar sebelumnya harus dibuang untuk kemudian dilakukan desinfeksi dan pengisian ulang saluran akar. Terdapat berbagai teknik pembuangan material pengisi, termasuk metode heat carrier, instrumen manual, putar, ultrasonik dan pelarut, atau kombinasi. Penghilangan sepenuhnya material pengisi tidak dapat dilakukan dengan hampir sebagian besar material yang tersisa dari perawatan ulang adalah siler. Siler biokeramik berikatan secara kimiawi dengan membentuk hidroksiapatit dan berpenetrasi ke tubulus dentin untuk menciptakan ikatan mikromekanis. Hal ini membuat pembersihan siler biokeramik sulit dilakukan. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi kebersihan saluran akar dengan berbagai metode pembuangan siler biokeramik menggunakan instrumen putar, kombinasi instrumen putarultrasonik, dan kombinasi instrumen putar-heat carrier pasca obturasi dengan teknik hidraulik dan WVC, yang dianalisis menggunakan Micro-CT. Metode: Empat puluh dua sampel gigi premolar rahang bawah pasca ekstraksi dengan akar lurus dan saluran akar tunggal yang diobturasi dengan siler biokeramik AH Plus® Bioceramic (Dentsply, USA) meggunakan dua teknik, hidraulik dan WVC. Pembuangan material pengisi menggunakan instrumen putar, kombinasi instrumen putar-ultrasonik, dan kombinasi instrumen putar-heat carrier. Pemindaian micro-CT setelah obturasi dan setelah pembuangan material dan dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak CTAn. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan persentase kebersihan saluran akar (p<0,05) yang bermakna antara metode instrumen putar, kombinasi instrumen putar-ultrasonik, dan kombinasi instrumen putar-heat carrier. Kesimpulan: Pembuangan siler biokeramik menggunakan kombinasi instrumen putar-ultrasonik lebih efektif dibandingkan metode instrumen putar dan metode kombinasi instrumen putar-heat carrier. Teknik obturasi tidak mempengaruhi kebersihan saluran akar.

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Background: When root canal treatment fails, non-surgical retreatment, if possible, is the first clinical choice. Previous root canal filling materials must be removed for subsequent disinfection and obturation of the root canal. There are various techniques for removing filling materials, including heat carrier methods, manual instruments, rotary, ultrasonic and solvent, or combinations thereof. Complete removal of filling materials cannot be achieved with almost all remaining materials from retreatment being sealer. Bioceramic sealers chemically bond by forming hydroxyapatite and penetrate into dentin tubules to create micromechanical bonds. This makes cleaning of bioceramic sealer difficult. Objective: To evaluate the cleanliness of root canal walls in retreatment with various methods of removing bioceramic sealer using rotary instruments, combination of rotary-ultrasonic instruments, and combination of rotary-heat carrier instruments postobturation with hydraulic and WVC techniques, analyzed using Micro-CT. Methods: Forty-two extracted mandibular premolar samples with straight roots and single root canals obturated with AH Plus® Bioceramic sealer (Dentsply, USA) using two techniques, hydraulic and WVC. Removal of filling material using rotary instruments, combination of rotary-ultrasonic instruments, and combination of rotary-heat carrier instruments. Micro-CT scanning after obturation and after removal of material and analyzed using CTAn software. Results: There is a significant difference (p<0.05) in the percentage of root canal cleanliness between the rotary instrument, the combination with ultrasonic, and the combination with heat carrier.Conclusion: Bioceramic sealer removal methods using a combination of rotary-ultrasonic instruments are more effective than rotary instrument methods and combination of rotary-heat carrier methods. The obturation technique does not affect the cleanliness of root canal."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 74-78The failure of endodontic treatment is commonly caused by errors in preoperative, operative and postoperative endodontic treatment. Inadequate final restoration of post-endodontic treatment would impact the success of the treatment. Loose restoration is an example of restoration failure caused by inadequate retention which leads to penetration of saliva along the root canal.This could dissolve the luting cement and cause microleakage to constantly reach the periradicular areas. lf neglecled, this situation will result in a periradicular lesion. Endodontic retreatment was performed to resolve the failing restoration. The restoration failed due to inadequate retention. The treatment was needed to prevent more problems to occur sometime in the future."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang Instrumen rotasi kontinyumemiliki banyak kekurangansehingga dikembangkan instrumen resiprokal Tujuan penelitian iniadalahmembandingkan kehalusan dinding sepertiga apikal saluran akarmenggunakan instrumen rotasi kontinyu dan resiprokal Metode Tiga puluh duapremolar pertama mandibula dibagi menjadi Kelompok 1 preparasi saluran akarmenggunakan instrumen rotasi kontinyu dan Kelompok 2 preparasi saluran akarmenggunakan instrumen resiprokal Kemudian kehalusan diukur dengan surfaceroughness tester Analisis data menggunakan uji T tidak berpasangan Hasil Tidak terdapat perbedaaan bermakna antara kedua kelompok p 0 739 Kesimpulan Dinding sepertiga apikal saluran akar yang dipreparasi denganinstrumen kontinyudanresiprokalmempunyai tingkat kehalusan yang sama

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ABSTRACTTherefore reciprocal instruments have been developed The aim was to comparethe root canal wall smoothness at the apical third between continuous rotation andreciprocal instruments Methods Thirty two mandibular first premolars weredivided into Group 1 continuous rotation instruments preparation Group 2 reciprocal instruments preparation The smoothness was measured using surfaceroughness tester The data was analyzed using independent T test Result Thedifference between groups were not statistically significant p 0 739 Conclusion Continuous rotation and reciprocal instruments have no difference inthe root canal wall smoothness at the apical third "

"Latar Belakang: Penggunaan teknik irigasi sonik dan ultrasonik diduga dapat mempengaruhi kebersihan dinding saluran akar setelah preparasi pasak. Tujuan : Mengetahui perbedaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar sepertiga tengah setelah dilakukan dilakukan irigasi saluran akar menggunakan aktivasi sonik, ultrasonik dan tanpa aktivasi pasca preparasi pasak. Metode: 27 sampel gigi premolar bawah akar tunggal dilakukan pengisian saluran akar menggunakan gutta erca dan AH-Plus yang telah diberi pewarna Rhodamin B. Setelah itu seluruh sampel dilakukan pengambilan gutta percha dan preparasi pasak serta dilakukan irigasi, yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok. Kelompok 1: irigasi menggunakan aktivasi sonik, kelompok 2: irigasi menggunakan aktivasi ultrasonik dan kelompok 3: irigasi tanpa menggunakan aktivasi. Selanjutnya gigi dipotong pada area sepertiga tengah setebal 1 mm dan dilakukan pengamatan menggunakan confocal laser scanning microscope. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna dari nilai presentase kebersihan dinding saluran akar antar kelompok teknik aktivasi irigasi setelah preparasi pasak. Kesimpulan: Kelompok dengan aktivasi sonik memberikan nilai presentase kebersihan tertinggi yang diikuti kelompok aktivasi ultrasonik dan kelompok tanpa aktivasi.

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Background: The use of irrigation technique with sonic and ultrasonic device is thought to effect the cleanliness of root canal walls after post space preparation.

Objective: To determine the effect of sonic and ultrasonic irrigation technique on root canal cleanliness after post space preparation.

Methods: 27 samples of single rooted lower premolar were given root canal treatment using gutta percha and AH-Plus were labelled with Rhodamin-B. Gutta percha was removed for post space preparation. Sample was divided into 3 groups. Group 1: irrigation using sonic activation, group 2: irrigation using ultrasonic activation and group 3: irrigation without activation. Then, the teeth were cut in the middle third of the area 1 mm thick and observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope.

Result: There was a significant difference in the value of root canal cleanliness between the activation technique.

Conclusion: The sonic activation group gave the greatest value of cleanliness followed by the ultrasonic activation group and withot activation."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar oval memiliki tantangan tersendiri karenabentuknya yang ireguler sehingga file tidak dapat berkontak dengan seluruhdinding. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan luas dinding saluran akaroval yang tidak terpreparasi dengan gerakan sirkumferensial filing. Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar mandibula diisi tinta cina kemudian dipreparasi menjadidua kelompok: Mtwo® dan ProTaper Next®. Luas sisa tinta cina dianalisisdengan Adobe Photoshop CS6 dan ImageJ. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaanbermakna antara kedua kelompok, namun ProTaper Next® meninggalkan arealebih sedikit dibandingkan Mtwo®. Kesimpulan: Mtwo® dan ProTaper Next®tetap meninggalkan area yang tidak terpreparasi pada saluran akar oval.ABSTRACT Background: Mechanical preparation of oval root canal has its own challengedue to the irregular shape leaving some area uninstrumented. This studycompared uninstrumented area of oval root canal with circumferential filingusing two different files. Methods: Thirty-two mandibular premolars were dyedwith china ink and divided into two groups, Mtwo® and ProTaper Next®. Theuninstrumented areas were analized using Adobe Photoshop CS6 and ImageJ.Results: There were no significant difference between two files, thou ProTaperNext® left less uninstrumented areas than Mtwo®. Conclusion: Mtwo® andProTaper Next® left uninstrumented areas in oval root canal.;Background: Mechanical preparation of oval root canal has its own challengedue to the irregular shape leaving some area uninstrumented. This studycompared uninstrumented area of oval root canal with circumferential filingusing two different files. Methods: Thirty-two mandibular premolars were dyedwith china ink and divided into two groups, Mtwo® and ProTaper Next®. Theuninstrumented areas were analized using Adobe Photoshop CS6 and ImageJ.Results: There were no significant difference between two files, thou ProTaperNext® left less uninstrumented areas than Mtwo®. Conclusion: Mtwo® andProTaper Next® left uninstrumented areas in oval root canal.;Background: Mechanical preparation of oval root canal has its own challengedue to the irregular shape leaving some area uninstrumented. This studycompared uninstrumented area of oval root canal with circumferential filingusing two different files. Methods: Thirty-two mandibular premolars were dyedwith china ink and divided into two groups, Mtwo® and ProTaper Next®. Theuninstrumented areas were analized using Adobe Photoshop CS6 and ImageJ.Results: There were no significant difference between two files, thou ProTaperNext® left less uninstrumented areas than Mtwo®. Conclusion: Mtwo® andProTaper Next® left uninstrumented areas in oval root canal.;Background: Mechanical preparation of oval root canal has its own challengedue to the irregular shape leaving some area uninstrumented. This studycompared uninstrumented area of oval root canal with circumferential filingusing two different files. Methods: Thirty-two mandibular premolars were dyedwith china ink and divided into two groups, Mtwo® and ProTaper Next®. Theuninstrumented areas were analized using Adobe Photoshop CS6 and ImageJ.Results: There were no significant difference between two files, thou ProTaperNext® left less uninstrumented areas than Mtwo®. Conclusion: Mtwo® andProTaper Next® left uninstrumented areas in oval root canal."

"Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar dengan instrumen putar NiTi dapat menyebabkan crack pada dinding saluran akar.Tujuan: Menganalisa dan membandingkan efek penggunaan instrumen putar NiTi single-file gerakan resiprokal dan kontinyu terhadap terbentuknya crack pada dinding saluran akar. Metode: Tigapuluh dua sampel saluran akar tunggal dipilih secara acak dan dibagi menjadi dua grup (n=16) sesuai dengan instrumen yang digunakan untuk preparasi saluran akar, yaitu instrumen putar NiTi gerakan resiprokal dan gerakan kontinyu. Micro-CT digunakan untuk mengevaluasi crack  sebelum dan setelah preparasi saluran akar. Analisis statistik menggunakan Continuity correction. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara preparasi saluran akar menggunakan instrumen putar NiTi gerakan resiprokal dan gerakan kontinyu (p>0,05). Crack yang terbentuk ditemukan pada bagian sepertiga apikal saluran akar dengan tipe incomplete crack. Simpulan: Preparasi saluran akar menggunakan instrumen putar NiTi single-file dengan gerakan resiprokal dan kontinyu dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya crack pada dinding saluran akar.

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Background: Root canal preparation with NiTi rotary instrument has the potential to induce cracks in the root canal wall. Objective: To analyze and compare the effects of single-file NiTi rotary continuous and reciprocating instruments in the propagation of cracks in the root canal wall. Methods: Thirty two single root canal samples were randomly assigned into two groups (n=16 per group) according to the system used for root canal preparation : reciprocating instruments and rotary continuous instruments. The samples were scanned through high-resolution micro-computed tomographic imaging to evaluate cracks before and after root canal preparation. The comparison between two groups was analysed statistically using Continuity correction. Results: There was no significant difference in the number of cracks between reciprocating group and rotary continuous group (p> 0.05). Cracks that occured was found in the apical third of the root canal, with incomplete cracks. Conclusion: Root canal preparation with single-file NiTi rotary continuous and reciprocating instruments can induce dentinal cracks in the root canal wall."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Gigi dengan saluran akar c-shape memiliki kompleksitas anatomi yang menjadikan perawatan saluran akar memiliki prognosis yang masih diperdebatkan akibat kesulitan untuk melakukan debridement dan obturasi yang adekuat. Kompleksitas ini mengakibatkan pengetahuan mengenai anatomi saluran akar c-shape penting untuk menunjang keberhasilan perawatan saluran akar. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi dan variasi saluran akar c-shape pada gigi premolar pertama dan molar kedua rahang bawah. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan sampel 60 gigi premolar pertama dan 32 gigi molar kedua rahang bawah. Sampel dipindai menggunakan micro-CT Bruker SkyScan 1173 dengan resolusi 50 m. Pemotongan melintang untuk melihat bentuk saluran akar dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak DataViewer. Pengukuran sudut untuk menentukan klasifikasi c-shape dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak Fiji ImageJ. Hasil: Prevalensi c-shape pada gigi premolar pertama rahang bawah adalah 17 dengan prevalensi tipe C1 ditemukan paling besar pada tingkat pemotongan M, tipe C2 memiliki prevalensi terbesar pada AM, dan tipe C3 memiliki prevalensi terbesar pada tingkat pemotongan A 2. Tipe C4 mendominasi tingkat pemotongan CEJ-2 dan CM sedangkan tipe C5 hanya ditemukan pada tingkat pemotongan A 2. Prevalensi c-shape pada gigi molar kedua rahang bawah adalah 16,67 dengan klasifikasi yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kelima tingkat pemotongan adalah C1. Prevalensi konfigurasi tipe C2 terbesar ditemukan pada CM. Tipe C3 pada penelitian ini ditemukan pada tingkat O. Prevalensi tipe C4 paling besar ditemukan pada tingkat pemotongan A 2. Perubahan konfigurasi didapati terjadi sepanjang saluran akar. Kesimpulan: Prevalensi c-shape pada gigi premolar pertama rahang bawah adalah 17 sedangkan pada gigi molar kedua rahang bawah 16,67 . Terdapat variasi konfigurasi di sepanjang saluran akar.Kata kunci : c-shape, molar kedua rahang bawah, micro-CT, prevalensi, premolar pertama rahang bawah

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ABSTRACTBackground A tooth with c shaped root canal has a complex anatomy, making root canal treatment prognosis questionable because of the difficulties in doing adequate debridement and obturation. This complexity also makes the knowledge about root canal anatomy important to improve endodontic treatment result. Objective The aim of this study is to know the prevalence and variation of c shaped canal in mandibular first premolars and second molars. Methods 60 mandibular first premolars and 32 mandibular second molars was scanned using micro CT Bruker SkyScan 1173 in 50 m resolution. Transverse sectioning of each tooth was performed using software DataViewer. Angle measurement for determining c shape classification was performed using software Fiji ImageJ. Result The Prevalence of c shaped canal in mandibular first premolars was 17 with type C1 most prevalence in M, type C2 in AM, and type C3 in A 2. Type C4 was the most common classification found in sectioning level CEJ 2 and CM while type C5 was only found in A 2. The Prevalence of c shaped canal in mandibular second molars was 16,67 with the most common classification found in five level of sectioning was C1. C2 was most prevalence in level CM, C3 was most prevalence in O and C4 was most prevalence in A 2. The alteration of configuration happened along the root canal. Conclusion The prevalence of c shape canal in mandibular first premolars was is 17 and in mandibular second molars was 16,67 with variation of root canal configuration happened along the root canal itself.Keywords c shape, mandibular second molar, mandibular first premolar, micro CT, prevalence"

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256) Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques. Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test. Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256) Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."

"Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik. Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256). Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques.

Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test.

Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256)

Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."