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"ILUC is the abbreviation for Indirect Land Use Change. ILUC predictions mainly depend on the assumptions about how the additional agricultural demand for biomass production is covered. But iLUC due to agricultural growth varied strongly in the past among the different regions worldwide. Therefore, we analyzed the correlation between the development of the agricultural production and the land use changes and investigated which options (expansion of the agricultural area, increasing productivity, forest clearing etc.) supplied the feedstock demand for the growing agriculture sector in the past. Our investigations altogether show what the essential option for the increase of the biomass production has been and how it is related to the intensification of the usage of existing agricultural area, globally and even in countries with a high deforestation rate. Besides this the analysis of the main drivers of land use change in the past due to agriculture growth is essential for iLUC predictions and prevention policy. One driver was the loss of agricultural land in important areas all over the world. Our analysis shows that governance has a central influence on the development of land use. If the decoupling of production increase from the expansion of agricultural area for biomass production into nature areas wants to be achieved, it will have to happen via governance in the relevant countries. Therefore, instruments have to be developed and implemented that are able to regulate land use sophistically corresponding to the individual countries."

"Program subsidi input pertanian seperti subsidi pupuk telah diterapkan sejak tahun 1970-an di Indonesia. Dalam pelaksanaanya, kebijakan subsidi pupuk terbukti berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan produktivitas lahan pertanian di Indonesia. Namun, kebijakan subsidi pupuk seringkali mengalami kendala, seperti sistem alokasi pupuk bersubsidi kurang akurat, peggunaan pupuk bersubsidi berlebih, hingga masalah lemahnya pengawasan distribusi pupuk bersubsidi. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah pada tahun 2017 memenerapkan program Kartu Tani sebagai kebijakan baru untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah di kebijakan subsidi pupuk sebelumnya. Untuk mengetahui dampak program Kartu Tani terhadap tingkat produktivitas lahan pertanian pangan di Indonesia, dilakukan penelitian menggunakan data panel seluruh provinsi di Indonesia selama 6 tahun (2015-2020). Menggunakan model Pooled Least Square (PLS), penelitian ini ingin menguji apakah program Kartu Tani berpegaruh terhadap produktivitas lahan pertanian dengan menggunakan program Kartu Tani, pupuk bersubsidi, jumlah petani, iklim, dan teknologi sebagai variabel independen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa program Kartu Tani terbukti secara staitistik meningkatkan produktivitas lahan pertanian. Selain itu, pengaruh kondisi iklim dan penggunaan teknologi alat pertanian juga terbukti secara signifikan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas lahan pertanian. Sementara itu, alokasi pupuk bersubsidi dan jumlah petani tidak terbukti signifikan secara statistik dapat meningkatkan produktivitas lahan pertanian. Hal ini karena inefisisensi penggunaan pupuk bersubsidi dan jumlah petani yang cukup banyak dibandingkan luas lahan pertanian.

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Agricultural input subsidy programs such as fertilizer subsidies have been implemented since the 1970s in Indonesia. In its implementation, the fertilizer subsidy policy has proven to be influential in increasing the productivity of agricultural land in Indonesia. However, the fertilizer subsidy policy often encounters obstacles, such as the inaccurate distribution of subsidized fertilizers, the excessive use of subsidized fertilizers, and the problem of weak supervision of the distribution of subsidized fertilizers. Therefore, in 2017 the government implemented the Kartu Tani program as a new policy to overcome problems in the previous fertilizer subsidy policy. To find out the impact of the Kartu Tani program on the level of productivity of food agriculture land in Indonesia, a study was conducted using panel data from all provinces in Indonesia for 6 years (2015-2020). Using Pooled Least Square (PLS) models, this study wants to test whether the Kartu Tani program affects the productivity of agricultural land by using the Kartu Tani program, subsidized fertilizer, number of farmers, climate, and technology as independent variables. The results showed that the Kartu Tani program was statistically proven to increase the productivity of agricultural land. In addition, the influence of climatic conditions and the use of agricultural equipment technology has also been shown to significantly increase the productivity of agricultural land. Meanwhile, the allocation of subsidized fertilizers and the number of farmers were not proven to be statistically significant in increasing the productivity of agricultural land. This is due to the inefficiency of using subsidized fertilizers and the large number of farmers compared to the area of ??agricultural land.

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"One of the most worrying global issues facing agricultural interests today is the rapid conversion of productive agricultural land to non-agricultural uses. Indonesia has enacted the Sustainable Agriculture Land Protection Law (Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan / LP2B) as a crucial section of the Spatial Planning Regulations. Furthermore, the law has been ratified by a number of regional regulations. However, there are still misconceptions about LP2B among stakeholders which can magnify the difficulty of implementing the regulation. Using the historical method, this descriptive paper elaborates difficulties in protecting agricultural land due to misconceptions of stakeholders within the case study in Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Misconceptions of stakeholders encompass three aspects: (1) land ownership (2) determination process and (3) implementation of LP2B protection. Difficulties did not automatically cease when the regulations had just enacted, instead, they continue into the application stage and become discourses in various cross-institutional forums. Furthermore, this paper synthesizes the author's own conceptions to rectify the misconceptions based on academic references and relevant statutory arguments. Stakeholders referred to in this paper were bureaucrats in agricultural and other institutions related to LP2B including the Regional Development Planning Agency, and the Ministry of Spatial Planning / National Land Agency. They were represented by officials, bureaucrats, or personnel who together with the author attended various coordination meetings, dissemination, workshops, focus group discussions, and similar forums that discussing LP2B and or other related topics in the period of 2014-2019. Policy implications are discussed."

"This research examined the inequality that emerges as Indonesia's economy shifts from an agricultural to a non-agricultural sector at the subnational level. These research questions include: (1) How has the agricultural sector in the Indonesian provinces changed over the past two decades? (2) What was the widespread impact of several socioeconomic variables on the transformation of agriculture? (3) How has the agricultural sub-sector responded to the dynamics of these socioeconomic factors over the last decade? The scope of the analysis was the whole province of Indonesia, with time series between 2001-2018. The shift in agriculture at the provincial level was mapped using indicators of poverty and the sector's economic contribution to each province. The logistic regression method was used to see the impact of socioeconomic factors on the agricultural transformation. In contrast, the panel regression was applied to respond to the dynamics of the agricultural sub-sector in terms of socioeconomics in the last ten years. According to the findings of agricultural transformation mapping, there were no changes in the distribution of rural poverty or the agricultural contribution factors between the provinces. Several macroeconomic, social, and infrastructure development factors also significantly contributed to encouraging agricultural transformation and enhancing the added value of the agricultural sector as a whole. It was important to better efficiently utilize the economic potential, which was done by taking production efficiency into account. Furthermore, consumer behaviour and the level of worker productivity had to be considered in attempts to boost economic productivity."

"After around a decade since the Asian financial crisis,the Indonesia economy has still experienced a realatively slow growth.The growth has tended to increase,but is considerably lower than of the pre-crisis era

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"This paper primarily attempts to detect the trend in the present upshots of global warming temperature data. It has been done through the estimation of the long memory fractional parameter using a simulation technique in the presence of additive outilers which stands as wild observations generated in the atmosphere due to global warming. Then the study investigates empirically the impact global warming on the particular aspect of global agricultural production. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, a data generating process is applied here additive outliers are generated in a discrate way. Observed facts reveal that additive outliers affect the bias and the MSE of the estimated fractional parameter. The size of the additive outliers in data generating process has also important effects on the estimated fractional parameter depending on the value of true fractional parameter. The result exhibits a non-trend or a natural cyclical variability influenced by a stochastic process in the case of climate change behavior with wild observations (outilers) that produce contradictory outcome of profound uncertainties againts the case of true world temperature data trend. The results of empirical investigations assert that in the late 21 century unabated global warming would have a negative impact on global agricultural production in the aggregate and the impact could be severe if carbon fertilization benefits (enhancements of yields in a carbon-rich environment) do not materialize, especially if water scarcity limits irrigation. In addition, if warming would not halt in the 2080s, but would continue on a path toward still higher global temperature in the composition of agricultural damage could be more severe. The study also shows that the composition of agricultural effects is likely to be seriously unfavorable to developing countries with the most severe losses in Africa, Latin America and India."

"Menghadapi tantangan perubahan struktur pertanian dan dinamika sistem pangan global, Pemerintah Jepang bekerjasama dengan masyarakat dan organisasi koperasi pertanian mengkampanyekan gerakan pangan untuk merevitalisasi daerah melalui konsep Chisan Chishou /地産地消(Produk Lokal Konsumsi Lokal). Melalui konsep Sanchoku/産直(direct sales), petani menjalin kemitraan penjualan produk pertanian melalui Chokubaijyo (gerai penjualan langsung) dalam jaringan distribusi yang dikelola oleh Nougyou Kyoudou Kumiai /農業協同組合atau JA (Japan Agricultural Cooperative) sebagai entitas penting dalam tata kelola pangan pertanian Jepang. Metode kualitatif digunakan untuk menjelaskan paradigma social capital melalui pemberdayaan potensi daerah bagi pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi, dan bagaimana operasionalisasi social capital dalam dimensi kognitif, struktural, dan relasional untuk menjaga kerjasama yang berkelanjutan. Studi kasus petani yang tergabung dalam Koperasi Pertanian JA Prefektur Wakayama menggambarkan bagaimana saluran penjualan alternatif Chokubaijyo menjadi salah satu strategi petani untuk mengatasi masalah profitabilitas dan menghadapi perubahan pasar akibat pandemi Covid-19. Sistem keanggotaan Koperasi pertanian JA yang tidak mengikat, memudahkan petani untuk mengakses fasilitas pertanian sekaligus mengamankan saluran penjualan dengan resiko biaya operasional yang lebih rendah. Sistem Chokubaijyo memungkinkan JA dan petani sebagai anggota memiliki hubungan timbal balik secara ekonomi dengan menjadi aktor utama di pasar lokal, dan di sisi lain menjalankan fungsi sosial yang menumbuhkan motivasi petani lansia dengan menciptakan tujuan hidup baru dalam usaha pertanian dan bersama JA berkolaborasi untuk melestarikan produk lokal di tingkat regional.

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Facing the challenges of changing agricultural structures and the dynamics of the global food system, the Government of Japan, in collaboration with communities and cooperative organizations, campaigns for the food movement to revitalize the region through the concept of Chisan Chisho/地産地消(Local Products for Local Consumption). Through the system of Sanchoku/産直(Direct Sales), farmers establish partnerships in selling agricultural products through Chokubaijyo in a distribution network managed by Nougyou Kyoudou Kumiai (農業協同組合) or JA (Japan Agricultural Cooperative) as a prominent organization in Japanese agricultural food governance. Qualitative methods are used to explain the paradigm of social capital in exploiting the potential for regional social and economic development by considering how to utilize social capital in the cognitive, structural, and relational dimensions to maintain sustainable cooperation. The case study of farmers who are members of the Wakayama Prefecture JA Agricultural Cooperative illustrates how the Chokubaijyo alternative sales channel is one of the farmers' strategies to overcome profitability problems and an increasingly competitive market, as well as facing market changes due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The non-binding membership system of the JA Agricultural Cooperative makes it easier for farmers to access facilities related to agriculture in the Chokubaijyo mechanism and secure sales channels with the risk of lower operating costs. The Chokubaijyo system allows JA and farmers as members to have a reciprocal relationship economically by being the main actors in the local market. Still, on the other hand, it also plays a social function by cultivating the motivation of elderly farmers to creat new life goals in agriculture and collaborating with JA to preserve local products at the regional level."

"Penelitian Part-of-Speech tagger (POS tagger) untuk bahasa Indonesia telah banyak dikembangkan. Sayangnya, sejauh ini baru Polyglot yang menggunakan POS tag menurut pedoman anotasi Universal Dependencies (UD). Namun, Polyglot sendiri masih mempunyai kekurangan karena belum dapat mengatasi klitik dan kata ulang yang terdapat dalam bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan POS tagger untuk bahasa Indonesia yang tidak hanya sesuai dengan ketentuan anotasi UD, tapi juga sudah mengatasi kekurangan Polyglot. POS tagger ini akan dikembangkan dengan metode deep learning menggunakan arsitektur yang merupakan versi modifikasi dari Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), yaitu Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM). Dataset yang digunakan untuk mengembangkan POS tagger adalah sebuah dependency treebank bahasa Indonesia yang terdiri dari 1.000 kalimat dan 19.401 token. Hasil eksperimen dengan menggunakan Polyglot sebagai pembanding menunjukkan bahwa POS tagger yang dikembangkan lebih baik dengan tingkat akurasi POS tagging yang meningkat sebesar 6,69% dari 84,82% menjadi 91,51%.

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There have been many studies that have developed Part-of-Speech tagger (POS tagger) for Indonesian language. Unfortunately, so far only Polyglot that has used POS tag according to Universal Dependencies (UD) annotation guidelines. However, Polyglot itself still has shortcomings since it has not been able to overcome clitics and reduplicated words in Indonesian language. The purpose of this study is to develop POS tagger for Indonesian language which is not only in accordance with UD annotation guidelines, but also has overcome Polyglot’s shortcomings. This POS tagger will be developed under deep learning method by using modified version of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architecture, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM). The dataset used to develop POS tagger is an Indonesian dependency treebank consisting of 1.000 sentences and 19.401 tokens. Result of experiment using Polyglot as baseline shows that the developed POS tagger is better. This is indicated by increased accuracy POS tagging by 6,69% from 84,82% to 91,51%."

"Kabupaten Tangerang merupakan salah satu daerah tingkat dua yang menjadi bagian dari wilayah Propinsi Banten. Terletak pada posisi geografis yang strategis. Dipilihnya kawasan industri di Kabupaten Tangerang karena letak yang strategis tersebut menyebabkan Kabupaten Tangerang sebagai bagian dari pusat pertumbuhan industri wilayah Indonesia bagian barat. Analisa pada penelitian ini menggunakan analisa deskriptif yang menjelaskan terjadinya peralihan potensi lahan menjadi kawasan industri. Potensi lahan di dapatkan dari hasil scoring dan overlay. Pemberian nilai ini mengacu pada variabel (topografi, litologi, kemampuan tanah dan hidrologi) yang di jumlah dan di kali dengan variabel pembatas (banjir, erosi, dan salinitas tanah) untuk selanjutnya di analisa mengenai peralihan potensi lahan, dimana lahan yang harusnya sangat baik untuk pertanian beralih fungsi menjadi kawasan industri.

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Tangerang District is one of the two levels that are part of the Banten Province. Located in a strategic geographical position. Choosing the industrial area in Tangerang District as a strategic location in the Tangerang District as a central part of the growth industry of the western part of the Indonesian. Analysis on this research using descriptive analysis that describes the potential of a transition into industrial land. Potential land available in the scoring and results from the overlay. The provision of this value to the variables (topography, litologi, the ability to land and hydrology) and the number of times in the variable divider (floods, erosion, and soil salinity) for further analysis on the potential of the land, where the land should be very good for agricultural area of its functions into the industry."