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"In the present study, natural fibers located in thick outer woody rinds of the metroxylon sago (MS) tree were investigated. The investigation focused on measuring the mechanical properties and observing the microstructures of MS fibers before and after treatment with 5% sodium hydroxide. A scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microstructure of MS fiber, and the results showed that there was a decrease in fiber diameter after mercerization. A porous structure in the cross-section area of untreated fibers was clearly seen, and it was highly compressed after mercerization. The strength of MS fiber increased significantly after it was treated by 5% NaOH solution for two hours. The average ultimate strength of untreated MS fiber was recorded as 46 MPa; treatment with sodium hydroxide resulted in a significant increase in average ultimate strength to 163 MPa. Additionally, the elastic modulus of treated fiber was greater than that of untreated fiber."

"In the present study, natural fibers located in thick outer woody rinds of the metroxylon sago (MS) tree were investigated. The investigation focused on measuring the mechanical propertiesand observing the microstructures of MS fibers before and after treatment with 5% sodium hydroxide. A scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microstructure of MS fiber,and the results showed that there was a decrease infiber diameter after mercerization. A porousstructure in the cross-section area of untreated fibers was clearly seen, and it was highly compressed after mercerization. The strength of MS fiber increased significantly after it wastreated by 5% NaOH solution for two hours. The average ultimate strength of untreated MS fiber was recorded as 46 MPa; treatment with sodium hydroxide resulted in a significantincrease in average ultimate strength to 163 MPa. Additionally, the elastic modulus of treated fiber was greater than that of untreated fiber."

"The present study investigated the mechanical properties and microstructure of ultrafine grained (UFG) brass processed by four passes of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and annealed at elevated temperatures. The mechanical properties of all samples were assessed using tensile and micro-hardness tests. Microstructure analysis was performed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) and yield strengths (YS) of 878 and 804 MPa, respectively, ductility of 15%, and hardness of 248 HV were obtained for samples processed by four passes of ECAP with equivalent true strain of 4.20. Annealing at 300°C caused UTS and YS to decrease significantly, to 510 and 408 MPa, respectively, ductility to increase to 28%, and hardness to decrease to 165 HV. Fractography analysis of un-annealed samples after four ECAP passes showed small brittle fractures with shallow dimpling. Ductile failures were found on annealed samples. After four ECAP passes, the microstructure of un-annealed samples was UFG and dominated by lamellar grain with shear band. In contrast, after annealing, the microstructure changed due to recrystallization, showing nucleation and grain growth."

"The definition of the physical and mechanical properties of sugarcane trash pellets were necessary for the design considerations relating to storage, handling and processing equipment. The mixing ratios of ground sugarcane trash:cassava starch:water content (1.0:0.25:0.85 and 1.0:0.25:1.40 by weight) and pelleting speeds (100, 120, 140, and 160 rpm) were considered to determine their effects on bulk density, true density, porosity, durability and compressive strength. The results show that the mixing ratio by weight of 1.0:0.25:0.85 and pelleting speed of 120 to 140 rpm were optimum for producing the sugarcane trash pellets. At the moisture content of 12.01% (wb), the bulk density, true density, durability and compressive strength of biomass pellets were in the range of 330.93 to 365.00 kg/m3, 860.38 to 918.43 kg/m3, 99.34 to 99.46 % and 5.15 to 6.43 MPa, respectively."

"This work investigates the fresh, mechanical and durability properties of normal, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) and Smart Dynamic Concrete (SDC), which are a new generation of concrete with a lower amount of cementitious content. SDC is a low-fine, self-compacting concrete, that combines the benefits of normal concrete (stability) and self-compacting concrete (fresh properties). Fresh properties such as slump flow, L-box and V-funnel tests were investigated to evaluate its self-compacting properties. Mechanical properties such as compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths were also examined to compare its effectiveness with normal concrete. In addition to the fresh and hardened properties, the rapid chloride permeability test was also conducted to check the durability of normal, SCC and SDC concrete mixtures. The test results of the fresh properties clearly showed that SDC exhibited superior flowability in the slump flow, L-box and V-funnel tests within the limits of EFNARC (The European Federation of Specialist Construction Chemical and Concrete Systems) guidelines. The mechanical properties of SDC attained higher compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength compared with the normal and SCC concrete mixtures. The rapid chloride permeability tests result of SDC clearly showed that SDC exhibited similar and better results than that of normal and SCC concrete mixtures."

"ABSTRAKBatu bata menggunakan tanah sebagai bahan baku utamanya, namun bata yang terbuat hanya dari tanah memiliki performa yang kurang baik. Dalam rangka membuat batu bata sebagai material yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan memiliki performa yang lebih baik maka dilakukan kajian karakteristik sifat fisik dan mekanik batu bata pembakaran dengan tambahan 4% sabut kelapa berukuran 2,5 cm yang telah di diolah dan di curing dalam tiga kondisi perawatan. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian sifat fisik dan mekanik bata, didapatkan bahwa penambahan 4% serabut kelapa berukuran 2,5 cm yang telah diolah meningkatkan sifat mekanik bata pada semua kondisi curing namun tidak semua sifat fisik meningkat.

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ABSTRACTBatu bata menggunakan tanah sebagai bahan baku utamanya, namun bata yang terbuat hanya dari tanah memiliki performa yang kurang baik. Dalam rangka membuat batu bata sebagai material yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan memiliki performa yang lebih baik maka dilakukan kajian karakteristik sifat fisik dan mekanik batu bata pembakaran dengan tambahan 4% sabut kelapa berukuran 2,5 cm yang telah di diolah dan di curing dalam tiga kondisi perawatan. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian sifat fisik dan mekanik bata, didapatkan bahwa penambahan 4% serabut kelapa berukuran 2,5 cm yang telah diolah meningkatkan sifat mekanik bata pada semua kondisi curing namun tidak semua sifat fisik meningkat."

"Teknologi material yang semakin maju membuat banyak terobosan baru, salah satunya adalah penggunaan magnesium paduan. Magnesium paduan banyak diaplikasikan untuk penggunaan sebagai biomaterial ataupun sebagai EV (Electronic Vehicle). Magnesium memiliki banyak keunggulan dan sifat mekanik yang menguntungkan, magnesium bersifat ringan sehingga bisa meningkatkan efisiensi dalam penggunaan bahan bakar pada EV, magnesium juga bersifat biodegradable dan bersifat non toxic bagi tubuh manusia, memiliki nilai densitas dan juga modulus elastisitas yang paling mirip dengan tulang manusia, bahkan hadir dalam jumlah banyak dalam tubuh manusia sehingga tak heran jika banyak diaplikasikan dalam biomaterial baik sebagai implant ataupun pengganti tulang. Namun sayangnya perubahan sifat mekanik dan struktur mikro akibat perlakuan panas belum dilakukan penelitian secara sistematis.Penelitian ini dilakukan pada lembaran paduan magnesium AZ31B yang diberi perlakuan panas dengan waktu tahan selama 10, 30, 60, dan 120 menit. Didapatkan bahwa struktur mikro paduan magnesium AZ31B yang tidak diberi perlakuan panas memiliki butir yang cukup besar dan tidak homogen, hal ini membuat sifat mekaniknya kurang baik. Perlakuan panas membuat struktur mikronya menjadi lebih homogen dan besar butirnya mengecil, butir yang semakin kecil ini membuat sifat mekaniknya semakin baik, namun semakin lama waktu tahan yang diberikan membuat butir semakin besar dan menurunkan sifat mekanik yang dimiliki, dibuktikan dengan persamaan Hall-petch yang mendukung hasil ini.

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Advancements in material technology have led to numerous breakthroughs, one of which is the use of magnesium alloys. Magnesium alloys are widely applied in biomaterials and electric vehicles (EV). Magnesium possesses many advantageous mechanical properties, being lightweight which enhances fuel efficiency in EVs. Additionally, magnesium is biodegradable and non-toxic to the human body, with a density and elastic modulus closely matching that of human bone. It is also abundant in the human body, making it ideal for applications in biomaterials, such as implants or bone substitutes. However, systematic research on the changes in mechanical properties and microstructure due to heat treatment has not been thoroughly conducted.

This study investigates magnesium AZ31B alloy sheets subjected to heat treatment with holding times of 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. It was found that the microstructure of the untreated magnesium AZ31B alloy exhibited relatively large and inhomogeneous grains, resulting in suboptimal mechanical properties. Heat treatment homogenized the microstructure and reduced grain size, leading to improved mechanical properties. However, prolonged holding times caused grain growth, reducing mechanical properties, which is supported by the Hall-Petch relationship."

"ABSTRAKPenambahan partikel nano SiC kedalam matriks Al6061 menghasilkan material komposit dengan kekuatan mekanis yang tinggi namun tetap mampu mempertahankan sifat ulet. Magnesium sebesar 10% Vf juga ditambahkan sebagai agen pembasah agar didapatkan ikatan yang kuat pada daerah antarmuka. Pada penelitian ini digunakan variasi penambahan partikel nano SiC sebesar 0,05%, 0,10%, 0,15%, 0,20% dan 0,30% untuk mengetahui titik optimal penambahan penguat. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan penambahan partikel nano SiC optimal di komposisi 0,15%, dengan kekuatan tarik 263,43 MPa, presentase elongasi 7,67%, kekerasan 56,5 HRB, dan harga impak sebesar 0,0550 J/mm2. Peningkatan kekuatan mekanis pada komposit dihasilkan dari kehadiran fasa penguat Mg2Si, distribusi partikel nano SiC yang merata, serta pembasahan yang baik antara matriks dan partikel penguat.

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ABSTRACTThe addition of nano SiC particles to Al6061 matrix has enhancing the mechanical properties of metal matrix composite while the ductility properties still maintained. 10% Vf of magnesium were used as wetting agent to achieve strong interface bonding. In the present work, Al6061 reinforced with various amounts (0,05%, 0,10%, 0,15%, 0,20% and 0,30%) of nano SiC were prepared. Results of this study shows the optimum content of nano SiC in Al6061 matrix were 0,15% Vf, with UTS (Ultimate Tensile Strength) reached 263,43 MPa, 7,67% elongation, hardness up to 56,5 HRB, and 0,0550 J/mm2 impact value. The enhancement of mechanical properties of Al6061/SiC composite were influenced by the presence of Mg2Si phase, good distribution of nano SiC particles, and also good interface bonding between matrix and reinforce.;"

"Paduan Al-Zn-Mg (Seri 7xxx) telah banyak dikembangkan dalam berbagai aplikasi, terutama dalam industri penerbangan sebab memiliki kekerasan yang tinggi sementara densitasnya rendah. Paduan tersebut umumnya diperkuat melalui perlakuan penuaan, di mana terjadi difusi atom-atom Zn dan Mg dari larutan padat sangat jenuh sehingga terbentuk presipitat metastabil. Selain itu, paduan dapat diperkuat pula dengan penambahan Ti yang akan memperhalus butir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Ti dalam penguatan presipitasi paduan Al-5.1Zn-1.8Mg-0.4Ti (% berat) pada berbagai temperatur. Paduan ini dibuat dengan proses squeeze casting. Kemudian dilakukan homogenisasi pada temperatur 400 oC selama 4 jam dan laku pelarutan pada 440 oC selama 1 jam yang dilanjutkan dengan pencelupan air hingga temperatur ruang. Penuaan dilakukan pada temperatur 90, 130 dan 200 oC selama 200 jam. Untuk mengetahui respon penuaan, dilakukan pengujian kekerasan Rockwell, sementara itu perubahan struktur mikro diamati dengan menggunakan Mikroskop Optik dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan tertinggi dihasilkan setelah penuaan di temperatur 90 oC, bahkan pada temperatur ini, kekerasan terus meningkat setelah 200 jam. Semakin tinggi temperatur penuaan, semakin rendah kekerasan puncak yang dihasilkan, tapi waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kekerasan puncak akan berkurang. Penambahan Ti diketahui dapat menahan penguatan dengan memperlambat kinetika presipitasi melalui penurunan jumlah kekosongan kompleks zat terlarut. Urutan presipitasi yang terbentuk adalah GP zone  ƞ?  ƞ (MgZn2).

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Al-Zn-Mg alloys (7xxx series Al alloys) have been widely used in many applications, especially in aerospace industry because of their high strength and low density. These alloys are commmonly hardened upon ageing treatment, in which diffusion of Zn and Mg atoms from super saturated solid solution results in formation of metastable precipitates. To further increase the strength of the alloys, Ti is added to decrease the grain size. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of Ti in the precipitation strengthening of Al-5Zn-1.8Mg-0.4Ti (wt.%) alloy.

The alloy was fabricated by squeeze casting process. Then, the alloy was homogenized at 400 oC for 4 hours. Subsequent solution treatment was employed at 440 oC for 1 hour and followed by water quenching to room temperature. The ageing was conducted at 90, 130 and 200 oC for 200 hours. The ageing response was followed by Rockwell hardness testing, while the microstructural evolution was observed by using Optical Microscope (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS).

The results showed that the highest hardness was achieved after ageing at 90 oC, and even at this temperature, the hardness remained increase after 200 h of ageing. The higher the ageing temperature, the lower the achieved peak hardness but the time needed to peak hardness reduced. Addition of Ti retarded the strengthening by slowering kinetics of precipitation through decreasing number of solute-vacancy complexes. The suggested major precipitation sequence was GP zones  ƞ?  ƞ (MgZn2)."

"Untuk mengetahui pengaruh Cu dan Zn terhadap paduan Al-Si-Mg maka dibuat Sampel I dan Sampel II. Sampel I paduan Al-Si-Mg dengan variasi persen berat (%wt) Cu sebesar : 0 ; 1,5 ; 3 dan 5 %wt sedang Zn dibuat konstan sebesar 1 %wt. Sampel II paduan Al-Si-Mg dengan variasi persen berat Zn sebesar : 0 ; 0,5 dan 1,5 %wt, sedang Cu dibuat konstan sebesar 3 %wt.Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian terhadap sampel-sampel tersebut, yaitu, pengujian : kekerasan, titik leleh , foto struktur mikro , SEM-EDAX dan Meping. Disamping itu juga didukung oleh data sekunder yang berupa hasil pengujian kekuatan tarik dan hasil pengujian dengan XRD.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa : semakin besar kandungan Cu , maka kekerasan akan naik, titik leleh akan turun, sedang kekuatan tariknya mula-mula naik sampai dengan kandungan Cu = 3 %wt, kemudian turun sampai kandungan Cu = 5 %wt. Disamping itu juga ditunjukkan bahwa : semakin besar kandungan Zn , maka kekerasan dan titik leleh akan turun, sedang kekuatan tariknya mula-mula turun sampai kandungan Cu = 0,5 %wt, kemudian naik sampai kandungan Cu sebesar 1,5 %wt.Hasil pengujian-pengujian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa : pada paduan tersebut muncul dua fasa yang dominan, yaitu fasa yang sangat kaya dengan Al (sebagai matrik) dan fasa yang kaya dengan Si. Disamping itu juga menunjukkan bahwa Cu dan Zn sangat mempengaruhi bentuk morfologi dari struktur mikro paduan. Morfologi struktur mikro yang fasa kaya Si-nya berbentuk serabut yang berserakan (tidak teratur) mempunyai kekuatan tarik yang relatif tinggi."