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"Artikel ini membahas gerakan anti-kolonialisme Kwame Nkrumah di Ghana dan di seluruh benua Afrika pada kurun waktu dari tahun 1948 sampai 1966. Gerakan anti-kolonialisme adalah sebuah gerakan perlawanan terhadap penjajahan bangsa Eropa yang berkembang di Ghana dan juga di negara-negara Afrika lainnya setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia Kedua. Salah satu tokoh yang sangat berpengaruh dari gerakan tersebut adalah Kwame Nkrumah. Visi dari gerakan anti-kolonialismenya adalah membebaskan negaranya yaitu Ghana lalu seluruh benua Afrika dari penjajahan bangsa Eropa. Gerakan antikolonialisme Kwame Nkrumah terwujud dalam berbagai bentuk. Beberapa diantaranya adalah gerakan ketidakpatuhan sipil (civil disobedience), penyelenggaran berbagai konferensi antar negara atau wilayah di Afrika hingga pendanaan dan pelatihan terhadap berbagai kelompok pembebasan nasional (national liberation movement) yang termasuk ke dalam pemikiran Pan-Afrikanisme-nya. Berbeda dengan kajiankajian sebelumnya yang pembahasannya sangat komprehensif, penelitian ini akan membatasi topik penelitian pada gerakan anti-kolonialismenya. Jadi, beberapa sub-topik di kajian sebelumnya seperti kebijakan domestik Nkrumah pasca Ghana merdeka hingga kebijakan luar negeri Ghana yang tidak berkaitan dengan Afrika tidak akan dibahas di dalam penelitian ini. Hasil temuan penelitian ini adalah Kwame Nkrumah memiliki pengaruh penting dalam gerakan anti-kolonialisme baik itu di Ghana atau di Afrika walaupun gerakannya di kedua wilayah tersebut memiliki perbedaan hasil. Penelitian ini ditulis menggunakan metode sejarah yang mengambil sumber-sumber penelitian dalam bentuk buku-buku dan jurnal dari Perpustakaan Nasional, Perpustakaan Pusat UI hingga beberapa sumber dari internet.

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This journal article will discuss the history of Kwame Nkrumah’s anti-colonialism movement in both Ghana and Africa which occurred from 1948to 1966. Anti-colonialism movement opposed European colonialism which was well-developed in Ghana and other African countries after World War II ended. One of the most influental figures from that movement was Kwame Nkrumah. His anti-colonialism vision aimed to liberate his country Ghana and the entire African continent from European colonialism. His movements were manifested in various forms, from implementation of civil disobedience, organizing several inter-governmental and inter non-governmental conferences and providing equipment and training for various national liberation movements that his Pan-Africanism thoughts. Differing from the previous research which the main topic is comprehensive, this research will restrict its scope to Nkrumah’s anti-colonialism movements. Hence, sub-topics such as Nkrumah’s domestic policy after Ghana’s independence or Ghana’s foreign policy which does not mention Africa’s affair will not be discussed in this article-journal. These research findings show that Nkrumah was an influental figure in anti-colonialism movement in Ghana and Africa even the result of his movements in those two areas differ. This articleis written using the historical method, by collecting historical sources in the form of books and journals, obtained from the National Library, UI Library, or other online sources."

"This book explores Madan Mohan Malaviyas long-term involvement in the politics of Indian nationalism. Drawing on a variety of sources ranging from public documents to the private papers of other leading nationalists of the time, the book looks at the changing nature of the Indian freedom movement by focusing on what Malaviya did, whom he relied on for support, and how he saw his own actions and role in Indian public life. It examines whether Malaviyas career resulted in certain changes in Indian politics and, if so, in what directions, or whether it exploited existing forces of change in politics and society. It also considers various stages of Malaviyas leadership and his ability to retain and wield authority, as well as his relationship with his followers, the Indian National Congress leadership, the Sikh leaders, and various leaders and workers of the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha. It investigates the means of communication between them, the barriers and contradictions, and tries to assess the way they influenced one another. Finally, the book investigates how the method and manner of Malaviyas nationalist propaganda and some of the campaigns that he launched influenced the different communities across India."

"Penelitian mengenai Cirebon Di Masa Revolusi ; Dari Linggarjati Hingga Pengakuan Kedaulatan ini dilakukan dari tahun 1985-1987, bertempat di Jakarta, Bandung dan Cirebon. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui peristiwa-peristiwa serta peranan Cirebon selama periode revolusi (1946-1949). Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penelitian kepustakaan dan wawancara, serta peninjauan ke lokasi dimana peristiwa itu terjadi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlawanan yang terjadi di daerah Cirebon memegang peranan penting dalam menegakkan kemerdekaan dan kedaulatan negara RI. Kerjasama antara pihak Angkatan Bersenjata, Badan-Badan Perjuangan/ Laskar, dan dukungan rakyat telah berhasil mengusir musuh (Belanda). Walaupun semula Cirebon sempat diduduki Belanda namun semangat perjuangannya tidak pernah padam, bahkan kemudian bangkit dan menjadi pelopor pengembalian negara Pasundan ke pangkuan RI."

"ABSTRACTThe present study focuses on a set of events in the Aru Islands, Maluku, in the late eighteenth century which are documented in some detail by Dutch records. A violent rebellion with Muslim and anti-European overtones baffled the Dutch colonialists (VOC) and led to a series of humiliations for the Company on Aru, before eventually being subdued. As one of the main catalysts of the conflict stands the chief Tamalola from the Muslim island Ujir. Interestingly, this persons also a central figure in local traditions from Ujir. Moreover, his story connects with wider cultural and economic networks in eastern Indonesia. Thus the article asks how the imprints of the Tamalola figure in textual and non-textual sources can add to our knowledge of how communities of Eastern Indonesia ordered their lives outside colonial control."

"Upaya kemerdekaan Catalonia berawal dari rasa nasionalisme yang tumbuh dalam diri bangsa Catalonia berdasarkan kebangsaan, budaya dan bahasa yang dianggap berbeda dengan Spanyol. Self determination dan semangat primordial masyarakat Catalonia dipicu oleh rasa ketidakpuasan dan buruknya pola hubungan antara daerah, yaitu Catalonia, dengan Pemerintah pusat Spanyol di Madrid. Sehingga tujuan penelitian ini adalah, pertama, memvalidasi faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan Catalonia ingin memerdekakan diri dari Spanyol, dan merekonstruksi keterlibatan gerakan separatisme dalam upaya kemerdekaan Catalonia. Kedua, mengabstraksi prinsip-prinsip pertahanan-keamanan Spanyol dalam mempertahankan Catalonia, dan merinci berbagai upaya pertahanan-keamanan yang dilakukan oleh Spanyol, hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa gerakan separatis Catalonia terlibat dalam semua aspek yang menghendaki referendum untuk memisahkan diri dari kerajaan Spanyol dan gerakan separatisme memiliki dampak yang sangat signifikan terhadap stabilitas pertahanan dan keamanan di Catalonia.

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Catalonia's independence efforts began with a sense of nationalism that grew within the Catalonian nation based on nationality, culture and language which were considered different from Spain. The self-determination and primordial spirit of the Catalan people were triggered by the feeling and poor relationship pattern between the region, namely Catalonia, and the Spanish central government in Madrid. So the purpose of this study is, first, to validate the factors that caused Catalonia to want to be independent from Spain, and to reconstruct the involvement of the separatist movement in the pursuit of Catalonia's independence. Second, abstracting the principles of Spanish security in defending Catalonia, and detailing the various defense-security efforts carried out by Spain, the results of the study show that the Catalan separatist movement was involved in all aspects that the referendum wanted to secede from the Spanish empire and the separatist movement had an impact. of great significance to the defense and security of Catalonia."