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"Sambungan spun pile-pile cap adalah struktur penting yang menyambungkan dan menyalurkan beban dari struktur atas ke struktur bawah hingga ke dalam tanah. Performance Based Design (PBD) belum diizinkan diterapkan di Indonesia sebagai acuan desain. Menurut SNI 8460:2017, penegakkan batas desain fondasi masih mengacu berdasarkan konsep elastik tiang yang menyebabkan ketidakekonomisan pemasangan tiang akibat overdesign dari ukuran dimensi tiang. Damage (kerusakan) adalah bentuk kegagalan atau ketidakmampuan struktur dari tegangan dari yang terlampaui. Pemodelan ABAQUS digunakan untuk melihat output dari berbagai variasi sehingga didapatkan korelasi variabel-variabel yang memengaruhi kerusakan, yaitu volumetrik rasio dan sebaran dari tulangan spiral, tulangan longitudinal, dan besarnya beban aksial. Variasi tulangan spiral dan longitudinal memberi pengaruh persebaran kerusakan yang lebih merata menjadi kerusakan-kerusakan kecil dan mengurangi sebaran localized damage. Sedangkan variasi beban aksial memengaruhi persebaran kerusakan menjadi lebih tinggi akibat membutuhkan gaya yang lebih besar untuk mencapai drift tertentu.

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The continuation of spun pile-pile cap is an important structure that connects and transfers loads from the upper structure to the lower structure and into the ground. Performance Based Design (PBD) is not yet permitted to be implemented in Indonesia as a design reference. According to SNI 8460:2017, the enforcement of foundation design limits still relies on the concept of elastic piles, which leads to uneconomical pile installation due to overdesign in pile dimensions. Damage refers to the form of failure or the inability of a structure to withstand excessive stress. ABAQUS modeling is used to observe the output of various variations to obtain correlations of variables that affect damage, such as volumetric ratio and distribution of spiral reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and axial load magnitude. Variations in spiral and longitudinal reinforcement contribute to a more uniform distribution of small damages and reduce the spread of localized damage. On the other hand, variations in axial load affect the spread of damage, as they require greater force to achieve a certain drift."

"Dalam studi yang dilakukan oleh Alfetra Henoch Tandita di Universitas Indonesia pada tahun 2021 mengenai sambungan spun pile-pile cap dengan benda uji berupa spun pile dengan beton pengisi, diperoleh hasil berupa parameter-parameter sambungan, seperti daktilitas, momen rotasi, dan lain-lain. Pada studi lanjutan ini, akan ditinjau mengenai damage atau kerusakan secara khusus dan lebih mendalam, terutama mengenai parameter yang menyebabkan persebarannya pada sambungan spun pile-pile cap. Parameter-parameter yang diujikan untuk mengetahui hubungannya dengan damage yang muncul antara lain parameter tulangan spiral, tulangan longitudinal, dan beban aksial. Dalam pengujian numerik menggunakan software ABAQUS ini, diperoleh hasil bahwa parameter aksial merupakan parameter yang paling konsisten dan signifikan dalam menambah kekakuan spun pile, sehingga damage yang ada lebih tersebar dan tidak terlokalisasi. Parameter berikutnya yang cukup konsisten adalah tulangan spiral, dan yang terakhir adalah parameter tulangan longitudinal. Parameter tulangan longitudinal dinilai tidak konsisten karena perkembangannya tidak mengikuti suatu pola tertentu, yang diduga diakibatkan kapasitas tulangan-tulangan longitudinal parameternya yang telah mendekati titik fracture.

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In a study conducted by Alfetra Henoch Tandita at the University of Indonesia in 2021, regarding the connection between spun pile-pile cap and a test object consisting of a spun pile with filled concrete, results were obtained in the form of connection parameters such as ductility, rotational moment, and others. In this further study, the focus will be on examining the specific and deeper aspects of damage, particularly regarding the parameters that cause its distribution in the spun pile-pile cap connection. The parameters tested to understand their relationship with the emerging damage include spiral reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and axial load. Through numerical testing using the ABAQUS software, it was found that the axial parameter is the most consistent and significant parameter in increasing the stiffness of the spun pile, resulting in more widespread and non-localized damage. The next parameter that showed sufficient consistency is the spiral reinforcement, and the last one is the longitudinal reinforcement parameter. The longitudinal reinforcement parameter is considered inconsistent because its development does not follow a specific pattern, which is suspected to be caused by the longitudinal reinforcement's capacity approaching the point of fracture."

"Praktik sambungan spun pile terhadap pile cap di Indonesia pada umumnya ialah berupa pemberian pengisi beton bertulang di bagian hollow spun pile hingga kedalaman kurang lebih 1 meter. Tujuannya ialah untuk memastikan sendi plastis terjadi pada area tersebut dan meningkatkan kemampuan struktur dalam berdeformasi secara inelastis. Namun, analisis yang dilakukan terhadap fondasi masih berada di tahap linear elastis dan batas displacement yang disyaratkan oleh SNI 8460:2017 hanya sebesar 25 mm. Akibatnya, diperlukan jumlah dan ukuran fondasi yang besar supaya fondasi tetap berperilaku elastis. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan studi eksperimen pada spun pile dengan pembebanan siklik lalu dibandingkan dengan pushover analysis pada software finite element ABAQUS untuk mengetahui kapasitas struktur pada fase non linear plastis. Terdapat 2 benda uji berupa spun pile dengan diameter 450 mm yang diberikan pengisi beton bertulang dan salah satu benda uji diberikan pengisi beton non shrinkage mutu tinggi 54 MPa. Hasil permodelan ABAQUS menunjukkan bahwa idealnya beton non shrinkage mutu tinggi akan meningkatkan seluruh parameter penelitian. Namun, berdasarkan hasil eksperimen, didapat bahwa beton non shrinkage mutu tinggi tidak memberikan dampak yang signifikan untuk seluruh parameter penelitian, yaitu daktilitas, energi disipasi, degradasi kekuatan, degradasi kekakuan, overstrength ratio, ketahanan lateral, kapasitas geser dan kapasitas bending.

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The practice of spun pile to pile cap connections in Indonesia is by giving reinforced infilling concrete in the hollow spun pile to a depth of approximately 1 meter. The purpose of giving the infilling concrete is to ensure that the plastic hinge occurs nearly below the connection and increase the ability of the structure to deform inelastically. However, the analysis carried out on the foundation is still at the linear elastic stage and the lateral displacement limit required by SNI 8460:2017 is only 25 mm. As the result, a large number and size of foundations are required to keep the foundation remain elastic. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted on spun piles under cyclic loading and then compared with pushover analysis on the ABAQUS finite element software to determine the capacity of the structure in the non-linear plastic phase. There are 2 specimens of 450 mm diameter spun pile: common practice and high-strength non-shrinkage infilling concrete. The results of the ABAQUS modeling show that high-strength non-shrinkage concrete will ideally improve all the parameters of the study. However, the testing results show that the high-strength non-shrinkage concrete did not have a significant effect on all research parameters, which are ductility, energy dissipation, strength degradation, stiffness degradation, overstrength ratio, lateral resistance, shear capacity and bending capacity."

"Praktik fondasi di Indonesia masih berada pada tahap linear elastis dengan batas displacement yang disyaratkan hanya sebesar 25 mm oleh SNI 8460:2017. Hal ini mengakibatkan desain fondasi di Indonesia tidak efisien dan dianggap boros karena berukuran besar dan berjumlah banyak agar fondasi dapat tetap berperilaku elastis. Jumlah tulangan spiral pada praktik spun pile di Indonesia masih berada di bawah persyaratan minimum ACI 318-19. Dibutuhkan banyak confinement dengan jarak yang rapat untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Namun, hal tersebut dinilai kurang ekonomis. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan studi eksperimen untuk mengetahui perilaku sambungan spun pile-pile cap dengan perkuatan steel jacketing dengan pembebanan siklik lalu dibandingkan dengan monotonic pushover analysis pada software Opensees. Pengujian dan permodelan dilakukan pada dua spun pile berdiameter 500 mm yang diselubungi steel jacketing yaitu dengan beton pengisi dan tanpa beton pengisi. Hasil pengujian eksperimen dan permodelan ini berupa kurva histeretik yang akan dianalisis untuk mendapatkan daktilitas, energi disipasi, degradasi kekuatan, degradasi kekakuan, overstrength ratio, dan momen rotasi. Pembebanan siklik yang diberikan mengikuti ACI 374.2r. Pemberian steel jacketing meningkatan kekakuan, kekuatan, enregi disipasi dan overstrength ratio, namun menurunkan daktilitas, serta memindahkan area terjadinya sendi plastis. Pemberian beton pengisi meningkatkan overstrength ratio, namun menurunkan daktilitas, kekakuan, kekuatan, dan energi disipasi.

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The practice of foundations in Indonesia is still at the elastic stage with the displacement limit is only 25 mm required by SNI 8460:2017. Thus, design of foundation in Indonesia become inefficient and considered wasteful because of large sizes and in large quantities to keep the foundation remain elastic. The amount of confinement in the practice of spun piles in Indonesia is still below the minimum requirements of ACI 318-19. It takes a lot of confinement with tight distance to overcome this problem. However, it is considered less economical. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted to determine the behavior of the spun pile-pile cap connection with steel jacketing reinforcement with cyclic loading and then compared with monotonic pushover analysis on Opensees. The research and modelling were carried out on two objects of 500mm diameter spun pile covered with steel jacketing, namely with concrete infill and without concrete infill to determine the effect of concrete infill on the spun pile-pile cap. The results of this research and modelling are hysteretic curve that provides several research parameters, which are ductility, energy dissipation, strength degradation, stiffness degradation, overstrength ratio, and moment rotation. The cyclic loading applied is following ACI 374.2r. The use of additional steel jacketing results in increasing stiffness, strength, energy dissipation, overstrength ratio, reduction of ductility and moving the area where plastic hinges occur. The use of concrete infill results in increasing overstrength ratio and reduction of ductility, stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation."

"Studi perkuatan sambungan spun pile terhadap pile cap menggunakan zincalume diusulkan sebagai persyaratan untuk memenuhi rasio confinement spun pile buatan Indonesia. Selain itu, perkuatan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kekuatan, daktilitas, dan serapan energi gempa oleh spun pile. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan studi eksperimen pada spun pile dengan beton pengisi dan perkuatan steel jacket akibat pembebanan siklik dan dibandingkan dengan benda uji tanpa perkuatan. Dilakukan juga pushover analysis secara monotonik untuk mengamati proses terjadinya sendi plastis dan strain pada material. Terdapat dua benda uji eksperimen berupa spun pile berdiameter 450 mm dengan perkuatan steel jacket yang diberikan beton pengisi bertulang dan salah satu benda uji tanpa beton pengisi bertulang, serta satu benda uji referensi berupa spun pile tanpa perkuatan steel jacket. Hasil eksperimen menunjukan perkuatan steel jacket terbukti dapat meningkatkan kekuatan dan daktilitas benda uji, tetapi masih belum dapat meningkatkan serapan energi gempa. Pengaruh tulangan pada beton pengisi terbukti dapat meningkatkan kekuatan dan daktlitas pada spun pile dengan adanya perkuatan steel jacketing. Parameter penelitian yang diguanakan untuk membandingkan benda uji adalah daktilitas, energi disipasi dan input, degradasi kekuatan dan kekakuan, momen – rotasi, dan kurva histeretik akibat pembebanan siklik.

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The study of strengthed spun pile to pile cap connection using zincalume is proposed as a requirement to meet the confinement ratio of spun pile made in Indonesia. In addition, the reinforcement added aims to increase the strength, ductility, and earthquake energy absorbtion by spun pile. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted on the spun pile with reinforced concrete and steel jacket reinforcement due to cyclic loading and compared with the specimen without steel jacket reinforcement. A monotonic pushover analysis was also carried out to observe the process of plastic hinge and strain on the material. There are two experimental specimens in the form of a spun pile with a diameter of 450 mm with steel jacket reinforcement provided with reinforced concrete and one other specimen without reinforced concrete, and one reference test object in the form of a spun pile without steel jacket reinforcement. The experimental results show that steel jacket reinforcement is proven to increase the strength and ductility of the test object, but still cannot increase the absorption of earthquake energy. The effect of reinforcement on infill concrete is proven to increase the strength and ductility of the spun pile with the presence of steel jacketing reinforcement. The research parameters used to compare the specimens were ductility, energy dissipation and input, strength and stiffness degradation, moment-rotation, and hysteretic curve due to cyclic loading."

"ABSTRACTThe definition, purposes and applications of Damage Mechanics, which is relatively newly developed, is introduced and reviewed. Initially and mostly, Damage Mechanics relates to metal materials. The appearance of micro cracks due to the application of external load and their propagations cause damage to the material. This paper discusses and reviews Damage Mechanics when applied to concrete. A mathematical model of concrete subjected to tension using Continuum Damage Mechanics Theory proposed by Jean Lemaitre and Jacky Mazars in. 1982 is presented. This initial model, which is called Scalar Damage Model, even relatively simple in the formulation but gives quite good result to model the concrete in tension. This can be seen from the comparison between the numerical and experimental results done by them at laboratory in Cachan, France. Application of the initial model to analysis of reinforced concrete beam of three-point flexion subjected to monotonic loading is presented and evaluated. By using the initial model, the damage evolution, stress evolution and flexural rigidity evolution of the observed beams can be reviewed. The possibility of the application of the initial model to analysis of reinforced concrete beam in three-point flexion subjected to cyclic loading is also reviewed."

"An introductory book presenting the theories, ACI Code requirements and design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns, footings, retaining walls, bearing walls, prestressed concrete sections, and framework in a clear and understandable manner."

"An introductory book presenting the theories, ACI Code requirements and design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns, footings, retaining walls, bearing walls, prestressed concrete sections, and framework in a clear and understandable manner."

"The maturity is a nondesctructive testing"

"Praktik fondasi di Indonesia masih berada pada tahap linear elastis dengan batas displacement yang disyaratkan hanya sebesar 25 mm oleh SNI 8460:2017. Hal ini mengakibatkan desain fondasi di Indonesia tidak efisien dan dianggap boros karena berukuran besar dan berjumlah banyak agar fondasi dapat tetap berperilaku elastis. Jumlah tulangan spiral pada praktik spun pile di Indonesia masih berada di bawah persyaratan minimum ASCE 7-16. Dibutuhkan banyak confinement dengan jarak yang rapat untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Namun, hal tersebut dinilai kurang ekonomis. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan studi eksperimen dan studi numerik untuk mengetahui perilaku sambungan spun pile-pile cap dengan perkuatan steel jacketing dengan pembebanan siklik untuk mengatasi permasalahan confinement tersebut. Sambungan spun pile-pile cap yang dimaksud adalah bagian atas permukaan pile cap hingga sekitar 700mm ke bagian spun pile dilihat dari pengujian eksperimen yang dilakukan sebelumnya. Pengujian dan pemodelan numerik dilakukan pada dua spun pile berdiameter 450 mm yang diselubungi beton grouting dan steel jacket. Studi numerik atau finite element secara 3D dilakukan dengan software ABAQUS karena terjadi kegagalan membuat benda uji yang perfectly bonded antara steel jacket dengan beton grouting dan beton grouting dengan spun pile. Studi parametrik juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan tebal dan tinggi steel jacket yang efektif dengan membandingkan terhadap spun pile dengan kebutuhan confinement yang memenuhi persyaratan ASCE 7-16. Hasil pengujian eksperimen dan pemodelan ini berupa kurva histeretik yang akan dianalisis untuk mendapatkan daktilitas, ketahanan lateral, kapasitas penampang, dan anlaisa tegangan. Pemberian steel jacketing meningkatan kekakuan, kekuatan, daktilitas dan menurunkan tegangan sengkang spun pile.

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The practice of foundations in Indonesia is still at the elastic stage with the displacement limit is only 25 mm required by SNI 8460:2017. Thus, design of foundation in Indonesia become inefficient and considered wasteful because of large sizes and in large quantities to keep the foundation remain elastic. The amount of confinement in the practice of spun piles in Indonesia is still below the minimum requirements of ASCE 7-16. It takes a lot of confinement with tight distance to overcome this problem. However, it is considered less economical. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted to determine the behavior of the spun pile-pile cap connection with steel jacketing reinforcement to overcome the less amount of confinement. The finite element study is using ABAQUS software because of the interaction failure that occurred between steel jacket and grouting concrete. The parametric study is also carried out to find out the needs of effective thickness and height of the steel jacket to be compared with confinement ideal according to ASCE 7-16. The results of this research and modelling are hysteretic curve that provides several research parameters, which are ductility, lateral load, moment capacity, and stress development. The use of additional steel jacketing results in increasing stiffness, strength, moment capacity and reduce the stress of confinement of spun pile."