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"Investasi asing langsung merupakan bahasan yang prominen dalam ilmu Hubungan Internasional (HI), terutama melalui cabang studi ekonomi politik internasional. Meskipun begitu, ulasan terhadap investasi asing langsung masih cukup dominan dibahas melalui sudut pandang ilmu Ekonomi. Tinjauan pustaka ini oleh karena itu berupaya untuk memberikan pemahaman terhadap investasi asing langsung dalam ilmu HI dengan merujuk pada 32 literatur yang terakreditasi. Metode pengorganisasian yang digunakan dalam tinjauan pustaka ini adalah taksonomi, yaitu pembagian literatur ke dalam beberapa tema umum, yakni (1) determinan investasi asing langsung, (2) dimensi limpahan, (3) dampak dari investasi asing langsung, serta (4) investasi asing langsung dan perjanjian internasional. Setelah melakukan pengorganisasian literatur, tulisan ini juga berusaha untuk mengidentifikasi konsensus dan perdebatan serta tren dan kesenjangan penelitian sebagai refleksi, baru kemudian diikuti dengan sintesis. Hasilnya, bahasan investasi asing langsung dalam ilmu HI variatif secara dinamika argumen tetapi seragam dari aspek teknis. Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa beberapa tawaran argumen dari literatur terdahulu masih perlu diuji validitasnya.

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Foreign direct investment is a prominent subject in International Relations (IR), especially in international political economy. However, study on foreign direct investment is still predominantly done by economists through an economic perspective. This literature review therefore attempts to provide an understanding of foreign direct investment in IR by referring to 32 accredited literatures. The organizing method used in this literature review is taxonomy, which divides literature into several themes. The themes are (1) the determinants of foreign direct investment, (2) spillover effects, (3) foreign direct investment output, as well as (4) foreign direct investment direct and international regime. Furthermore, this paper also attempts to identify consensus and debate as well as research trends and gaps as part of author’s analysis followed by syntheses. As a result, the discussion on foreign direct investment in IR varies in arguments but is uniform in technical aspects. This paper also finds that some of the arguments offered by previous literature need to be tested for validity."

"Studi ini meneliti pengaruh penanaman modal asing (PMA) dari Cina dan negara-negara non-Cina terhadap emisi karbon dioksida (CO2) di Indonesia, dengan memperhatikan peran ketatnya regulasi lingkungan dan konsumsi energi. Menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dan data sekunder dari tahun 2000 hingga 2020, hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa baik PMA dari Cina maupun non-Cina berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan emisi CO2. Terdapat korelasi kuat antara peningkatan emisi dan penggunaan energi, terutama dari bahan bakar fosil. Korelasi antara ketatnya regulasi lingkungan dan emisi CO2 menunjukkan pola kurva U terbalik, mengindikasikan peningkatan ketatnya kebijakan awalnya meningkatkan emisi, namun akhirnya mengurangi emisi secara signifikan. Hasil studi mendukung hipotesis "Pollution Haven," yang mengusulkan bahwa investasi dari negara dengan aturan lingkungan ketat mengakibatkan peningkatan emisi di negara penerima dengan regulasi yang kurang ketat. Studi ini juga mendukung "Porter Hypothesis," yang menyatakan bahwa aturan lingkungan yang ketat dapat mendorong inovasi dan efisiensi, yang akhirnya mengurangi emisi. Studi ini menyoroti pentingnya Indonesia menemukan keseimbangan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan keberlanjutan lingkungan melalui regulasi lingkungan yang ketat, promosi energi bersih, dan fokus pada sektor-sektor dengan emisi tinggi yang dipengaruhi oleh PMA.

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This study examines the influence of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from China and non-China nations on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia. Incorporating the role of environmental regulation strictness and energy consumption. The study applied Ordinary Least Square (OLS) using secondary data from year 2000 to 2020. The findings indicate that both Chinese and non-China FDI contribute to a rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. There is a strong correlation between greater emissions and energy usage, especially from fossil fuels. The correlation between the strictness of environmental regulations and CO2 emissions exhibits a pattern like an inverted U-shape. This suggests that when policy stringency first increases, emissions also rise. However, as more stringent and persistent rules are implemented, they eventually result in substantial reductions in emissions. These data support the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, which proposes that investments from nations with more stringent environmental rules result in increased emissions in host countries with less severe legislation. The study further corroborates the Porter Hypothesis, illustrating that rigorous environmental rules can ultimately stimulate innovation and enhance efficiency, resulting in a reduction of emissions. The study highlights the importance of Indonesia finding a balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability. This can be achieved by implementing strict environmental regulations, promoting clean energy, and focusing on high-emission sectors that are influenced by FDI."

"ABSTRAKMakalah ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki hubungan antara peristiwa perang saudara dan pemasukan investasi asing langsung pada 190 negara selama periode 1980 sampai 2005, dengan melakukan analisis panel data. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk membuktikan bahwa ada hubungan negatif antara keberadaan perang saudara dan pemasukan investasi asing langsung. Analisis dari data yang ada membuktikan bahwa PDB per kapita dan inflasi mempunyai dampak yang signifikan terhadap tingkat pemasukan investasi asing langsung . Untuk variabel lainnya tidak dapat ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan terhadap pemasukan investasi asing langsung. Penemuan dari makalah ini diharapkan dapat membantu pemerintah that organisasi lainnya yang terkait dalam mengurusi perang saudata untuk memahami secara komprehensif efek potensial yang disebabkan oleh perang saudara terhadap lingkungan social dan juga kondisi perekonomian, sehingga dapat membuat kebijakan dan peraturan yang dapat meningkatkan investasi asing langsung.

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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the relationship between the presence of civil war and FDI foreign direct investment inflows to 190 countries during 1980 to 2005 by performing a panel data analysis. The objective of this study is to prove that a negative relationship between the presence of civil war and FDI inflows is present. As the results show, there is no evidence that a negative relationship exists between the presence of civil war and FDI inflows. Evidence is found that GDP per capita, and Inflation have a significant impact on the level of FDI inflows. For the other variables, no significant relationship was found. The findings of this paper may aid governments and other parties involved in a civil war with creating understanding of the potential effects of civil war for society and the economy, and to act accordingly upon these effects by making policies that attract FDI."

"Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menjelaskan hubungan antara spillover R&D Internasional dari kanal perdagangan dan penanaman modal asing terhadap produktivitas (TFP) berdasarkan teori pertumbuhan endogen di Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) dalam periode 1996-2010. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa spillover R&D internasional dari kanal perdagangan dan penanaman modal asing merupakan faktor penting dalam meningkatkan TFP. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa perdagangan internasional (ekspor dan impor) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap produktivitas di ASEAN. Selain itu, Human Development Index (HDI) juga siginifikan dalam mempengaruhi produktivitas di ASEAN.

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This research attempts to explain the relationship between international R&D spillover from trade channels and foreign direct investment on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) based on the endogenous growth theory in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) during the period 1996-2010. The study found that international R&D spillover from trade channels and foreign direct investment are significant factors in increasing TFP. The research also discovered that international trade (exports and imports) has a significant impact on productivity in ASEAN. Additionally, the Human Development Index (HDI) also plays a significant role in influencing productivity in ASEAN."

"Due to the lack of internal finance, a country might need a foreign investment. It also happens to Indonesia that is not recovery from its economic problems up to now. One of the solutions to this condition is by giving Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). By FDI it is hoped that it can employ a lot of people, and it can reduce the unemployment rate in this country, as a result it can increase the welfare of society.This study will focus on the relation between the given PPh incentives and Japanese Investor behavior in investing its fund, elaborate and analyze Japanese Investor to tax incentives given, and research, formulate and make the analysis on which tax incentive is the best way in inviting Japanese direct investor.This thesis is analytical descriptive which uses qualitative method by scrutinizing data in the form of information, theory from library research, then by analyzing the data to solve the formed case, so that conclusion can be drawn and suggestions and understanding to the influence in giving incentive to foreign direct investment can be given.The references theory in this research is one instrument to invite Japanese direct investment by giving tax incentive. However, tax administration is the key on the success of tax policy.It can be concluded that PPh facility given to tax payers in Indonesia who invest in certain business and area is quite good, in the result of the decrease of netto 30% (thirty percent) as the highest, quicken reduction and amortization, longer loss compensation and given PPh to the dividend as in Article 26 to 10% (ten percent), except if the valid tariff to the tax agreement is lower. Japanese Investors accept this facility positively, but they say it is more interesting if those tax facilities are followed by administration tax which gives law assurance.Tax incentive given by tax law is quite interesting for the Japanese investors to invest in Indonesia, but the regulations do not give the law assurance, they who have the license hope that they will be given the tax incentive as stated in the law, furthermore, it is suggested that the government not only faces on tax incentive to invite foreign direct investment but also is concern on the law assurance, security, eliminating high economy cost and improving infrastructure. Arranged and good tax administration will give law assurance and security to the investors. Furthermore, the license to foreign investors and the given PPh facilities are managed by one institution under one roof."

"Sastra dalam pengembangan ekonomi terkait Investasi Asing Langsung (FDI) telah banyak diteliti oleh para sarjana, sebagian besar menggunakan data pemotongan lintang atau data rangkaian waktu, namun penelitian mengenai data panel yang melibatkan faktor determinan FDI terhadap sektor dan wilayah secara keseluruhan belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini menguji dampak investasi langsung asing terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian di 15 Negara Asia menggunakan metode efek tetap dan efek acak serta diuji dengan uji Hausman menggunakan data sampel dari tahun 1990 hingga 2019. Ditemukan bahwa FDI memiliki hubungan positif dan signifikan dengan nilai tambah pertanian. Namun, FDI melalui perkembangan keuangan memiliki dampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap nilai tambah pertanian. Ditemukan pula bahwa inflasi memiliki dampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian, sementara formasi modal bruto dan tetap memiliki dampak signifikan dan positif terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian. Di sisi lain, keterbukaan perdagangan memiliki dampak negatif namun tidak signifikan. Oleh karena itu, rekomendasi yang diberikan kepada pembuat kebijakan adalah menciptakan kebijakan yang dapat menstabilkan tingkat inflasi serta meringankan kebijakan yang dapat menghambat keterbukaan perdagangan.

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Literature in the economic development regarding FDI have been widely studied by scholars, mostly used either cross-section or time series data, a panel-data on the determinants of FDI and towards the sectoral region, on the other hand, is understudied. This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment on agriculture growth in 15 Asian Countries using a fixed effect and random effect and further tested with the Hausman test on the sample data ranging from 1990-2019. It is found that FDI has a positive relationship and significant relationship with agriculture value added. However, FDI through financial development has a negative and significant impact on agriculture value added.  It is also found that inflation has a negative and significant impact on agriculture growth while gross and fixed capital formation is found to be significant and positively impacts agriculture growth. On the other hand, trade openness has a negative but non-significant impact. Therefore, a recommendation is for policy maker to create a policy that could stabilize the inflation rate and ease the policy that could inhibit trade openness. "

"Kementerian Pariwisata melaporkan bahwa kebijakan yang diterapkan untuk pariwisata mengindikasikan bahwa penambahan jumlah kunjungan wisatawan asing di 2016 disebabkan oleh globalisasi. Studi ini menganalisis hubungan kausalitas antara sektor pariwisata, menggunakan kunjungan wisatawan asing, dan indikator ekonomi dari globalisasi, yang dianalisis melalui ekspor, impor, dan penanaman modal asing. Dengan menggunakan model ARDL, efek kausalitas jangka panjang dan jangka pendek dianalisis melalui Bounds Test untuk kointegrasi dan diikuti oleh estimasi mekanisme error correction. Hasil menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan kausalitas satu arah antara kunjungan wisatawan asing dan ekspor, hubungan kausalitas satu arah antara kunjungan wisatawan asing dan impor, tidak ada hubungan antara kunjungan wisatawan asing dan penanaman modal asing, hubungan satu arah antara ekspor dan penanaman modal asing, dan tidak ada hubungan antara impor dan penanaman modal asing, dengan hasil country- specific yang beragam. Implikasi dari penelitian ini akan membantu pemerintah dalam meningkatkan tujuan yang ditargetkan untuk memperluas pariwisata.

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The Ministry of Tourism reports that the policies implemented for tourism may indicate that the increasing number of international tourist arrivals in 2016 is caused by globalization. This study analyzes the causal relationship between tourism, using international tourist arrivals, and the economic indicators of globalization, which are analyzed through exports, imports, and foreign direct investment. Using ARDL model, the long run and short run causal effect is analyzed through Bounds Test for cointegration, followed by the estimation of error correction mechanism. The result concludes that there is unidirectional causal relationship between international tourist arrivals and exports, unidirectional causal relationship between international tourist arrivals and imports, no relationship between international tourist arrivals and foreign direct investment, unidirectional causal relationship between exports and foreign direct investment, and no relationship between imports and foreign direct investment, with a variety of country specific results. The implication of this study would help the government in improving the targeted goals for expanding tourism."

"Dalam proses arbitrase investasi internasional antara suatu investor asing dan pihak negara, terdapat perjanjian investasi internasional yang mengatur persyaratan-persyaratan yang wajib dipenuhi sebelum proses arbitrase dapat dimulai. Persyaratan-persyaratan ini tidak sama untuk setiap perjanjian investasi internasional. Namun, setiap perjanjian investasi internasional pasti mengandung persyaratan ratione materiae, ratione personae, ratione temporis, dan ratione voluntatis. Persyaratan-persyaratan ini menunjukkan apa saja yang perlu dipenuhi investor asing sebelum dapat mengajukan sengketanya kepada proses arbitrase. Ratione voluntatis sendiri merupakan persyaratan mengenai persetujuan negara yang dibagi menjadi Cooling-off period dan Exhaustion of Local Remedies. Cooling-off period merupakan persyaratan yang mengatur bahwa suatu investor asing perlu melakukan negosiasi untuk mendapatkan penyelesaian sengketa yang saling menguntungkan terlebih dahulu selama jangka waktu yang ditentukan sebelum investor asing tersebut dapat mengajukan sengketanya untuk diselesaikan melalui arbitrase. Exhaustion of Local Remedies merupakan persyaratan yang mengatur bahwa suatu investor asing perlu mengajukan gugatannya terlebih dahulu kepada pengadilan negeri negara tersebut selama waktu yang ditentukan sebelum investor asing tersebut dapat mengajukan sengketanya untuk diselesaikan melalui arbitrase. Dalam tujuh kasus arbitrase investasi internasional yang telah dilewati Indonesia, semua perjanjian investasi internasional yang berlaku mengandung klausul Cooling-off period sebagai bentuk ratione voluntatis yang ditentukan dalam perjanjian investasi internasional tersebut. Namun, pada tujuh kasus tersebut tidak ada satupun pembahasan mengenai Cooling-off period dikarenakan isu tersebut tidak diajukan oleh Indonesia sebagai keberatan terhadap yurisdiksi majelis arbiter. Dalam tujuh kasus tersebut, hanya satu yang memberikan fakta bahwa investor asing yang mengajukan gugatan telah mencoba melakukan negosiasi dengan pihak negara. Tidak adanya fakta bahwa investor asing mencoba menyelesaikan sengketa melalui negosiasi berarti bahwa persyaratan Cooling-off period tidak dipenuhi oleh investor asing sebelum mengajukan sengketa yang sedang dialami pada arbitrase. Penulis berharap bahwa skripsi ini dapat memberikan pemahaman yang merinci mengenai klausul Cooling-off period beserta penerapan dan dampak dari klausul tersebut pada yurisdiksi majelis arbiter pada arbitrase investasi internasional. Metode penelitian yang akan digunakan pada penulisan skripsi ini adalah dengan metode doktrinal, yakni yaitu penelitian yang difokuskan untuk mengkaji penerapan kaidah-kaidah atau norma-norma dalam hukum positif.

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In international investment arbitration proceedings between a foreign investor and a state party, there is an international investment agreement that sets out the requirements that must be met before arbitration proceedings can commence. These requirements are not the same for every international investment agreement. However, every international investment agreement must contain the requirement of ratione materiae, ratione personae, ratione temporis, and ratione voluntatis. These requirements indicate what a foreign investor needs to fulfil before it can submit its dispute to arbitration proceedings. Ratione voluntatis is a requirement regarding state consent which is divided into the requirement of a Cooling-off period and an Exhaustion of Local Remedies. Cooling-off period is a requirement in which a foreign investor needs to negotiate for amicable resolutions for a specified period of time before it can submit its dispute for resolution through arbitration. Exhaustion of Local Remedies is a requirement in which a foreign investor needs to first file its claim with the country's domestic courts for a specified amount of time before the foreign investor can submit its dispute for resolution through arbitration. In the seven international investment arbitration cases that Indonesia has experienced, all the applicable international investment agreements contain Cooling-off period clauses as a form of ratione voluntatis that is adopted. However, in none of the seven cases was the Cooling-off period discussed as the issue was not raised by Indonesia as a challenge to the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal. In the seven cases, only one provided the fact that the foreign investor who filed the arbitration proceedings had tried to negotiate with the state party. The absence of the fact that the foreign investor tried to resolve the dispute through negotiation means that the Cooling-off period requirement was not met by the foreign investor before submitting the dispute to arbitration. The author hopes that this thesis can provide a detailed understanding of the Cooling-off period clause and the application and impact of the clause on the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal in international investment arbitration. The research method that will be used in writing this thesis is the doctrinal method, which is research focused on examining the application of rules or norms in positive law."

"Sanksi ekonomi terus mengalami perkembangan, baik dari segi praktik, bentuk, dan aktor yang memberlakukannya, terlepas dari perdebatan yang terus berlangsung mengenai efektivitas dan dampaknya. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, tulisan ini mengkaji dinamika sanksi ekonomi dalam konteks hubungan internasional melalui analisis taksonomi atas 52 literatur yang relevan dengan tiga tema, yakni: (1) motif sanksi ekonomi; (2) efektivitas sanksi sebagai kebijakan luar negeri; dan (3) konsekuensi sanksi ekonomi. Fokus pertama adalah pada pengkategorian sanksi menjadi dua jenis motivasi: instrumental, yang bertujuan mengubah kebijakan negara target, dan simbolik, yang umumnya digunakan untuk memperkuat dukungan domestik Selain itu, tulisan ini mengevaluasi efektivitas sanksi, menunjukkan bahwa meskipun beberapa kasus berhasil, secara umum sanksi sering kali gagal mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan dan memiliki dampak negatif yang luas pada ekonomi dan stabilitas politik negara target. Konsekuensi sosial dan kemanusiaan dari sanksi juga dibahas sebagai bagian dari dampak globalnya. Tulisan ini mendesak adanya pendekatan yang lebih terintegrasi dan multidisiplin dalam memahami pengaruh sanksi ekonomi, dengan menekankan pentingnya menggabungkan berbagai perspektif untuk menilai keefektifan dan etika dari penerapan sanksi sebagai alat kebijakan luar negeri. Dengan demikian, tulisan ini tidak hanya memberikan wawasan terhadap dinamika sanksi ekonomi tetapi juga mengusulkan rekomendasi kebijakan yang strategis.

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Economic sanctions continue to evolve in terms of their practice, form, and the actors who implement them, despite ongoing debates about their effectiveness and impact. Considering this, this paper examines the dynamics of economic sanctions in the context of international relations through a taxonomic analysis of 52 relevant pieces of literature focusing on three themes: (1) the motives behind economic sanctions; (2) the effectiveness of sanctions as a foreign policy tool; and (3) the consequences of economic sanctions. The first focus is on categorizing sanctions into two types of motivations: instrumental, aimed at changing the policies of the target country, and symbolic, generally used to strengthen domestic support. Additionally, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of sanctions, showing that while some cases are successful, in general, sanctions often fail to achieve the desired goals and have wide-ranging negative impacts on the economy and political stability of the target country. The social and humanitarian consequences of sanctions are also discussed as part of their global impact. This paper advocates for a more integrated and multidisciplinary approach to understanding the influence of economic sanctions, emphasizing the importance of incorporating various perspectives to assess the effectiveness and ethics of using sanctions as a foreign policy tool. Thus, this paper not only provides insights into the dynamics of economic sanctions but also proposes strategic policy recommendations."